Quarterly 4 Honors Bio Exam

Evolution

Theory of evolution - That species change/evolve to better fit their environments

Causes of evolution - Natural selection, Genetic drift, Gene flow, Mutations

Evidence for Evolution - Fossil record, Comparative anatomy, Comparative Embryology, Biogeography

Fossil Record - Calculating absolute age of fossil via rock position

Comparative Anatomy - Homologous structures, Vestigial Structures, Divergent Evolution, Analogous Structures, Convergent Evolution

Comparative Embryology - The comparison of embryos from different species

Biochemistry - Comparison of DNA/ protein sequences

Ecology

Trophic Levels - Levels in a food web

How does energy enter a food chain? Through producers (plants)

What are the levels of Ecology?

  1. Biosphere
  2. Ecosystem
  3. Community
  4. Population

Abiotic - Not alive (never having been alive either)

Biotic - Alive/alive at some point

Characteristics of a Biome - Plants, Animals, Weather, Climate

Oligotrophic Lakes - Nutrient poor, few plants, clear water

Eutrophic Lakes - Nutrient rich, many species, murky water

Trophic cascade - powerful impacts on ecosystems/food web

Limiting Factors for populations - Factors that prevent growth such as food/water, living space, or natural disasters

Density Dependant - Affected by population size

Density Independent - Not effected by population size

Carrying capacity - Population Max

Ecological Niche - Role an organism plays in a community

Biomes

  • Savanna   * 20% of the earth   * grassy   * tropical and subtropical   * Wet and Dry season   * Africa
  • Temperate Grassland   * Cold winters, warm summers, little rain   * Lots of grass   * surrounded by deserts and forests   * nutrient rich soil
  • Taiga   * Between Tempera and Tundra   * Acid rain   * trees have shallow roots
  • Tundra   * lots of precipitation (usually snow)   * Permafrost - permanent layer of frost in the soil that prevents large roots from getting through
  • Desert   * 20% of the earth   * Hot and Dry, no rain   * Cold at night
  • Temperate Deciduous Forest   * between Polar and Tropics   * 4 seasons
  • Tropical Rainforest   * Dense canopy, little sunlight reaches soil   * Most diverse biome   * Lots of rain
  • Open Ocean   * Outside coastal areas   * temperature effects shells and photosynthesis
  • Freshwater lakes   * everywhere   * algae

Species Interactions

Competition - Negative for both species

Predation - Positive for one predator, negative for the other

Parasitism - Negative for host, positive for parasite, parasite feeds off of host

Mutualism - Both species benefit

Commensalism - One species benefits, the other is not impacted

Taxonomy

Levels of Taxonomy
  1. Domain
  2. Kingdom
  3. Phylum
  4. Class
  5. Order
  6. Family
  7. Genus
  8. Species

Most diverse level of taxonomy - Domain

Least diverse level of taxonomy - Species

Phylums

Mollusca

  • Bilateral symmetry
  • complete digestive track
  • visceral mass (muscular foot and mantle)

Echinodermata

  • Radial symmetry
  • spiny skin
  • no brain
  • water vascular system
  • sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars

Cnidaria

  • Radial Symmetry
  • Single entry way to body
  • May have tentacles or stingers
  • Jellyfish, anemones, coral

Arthropoda

  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Jointed bodies/appendages
  • Hard exoskeletons
  • insects, crustaceans, spiders

Porifera

  • asymmetrical
  • pores to create circulation
  • filter feeders
  • May have calcium carbonate structures
  • sea sponges

Annelida

  • Bilateral symmetry
  • complete digestive track
  • segmented bodies
  • earthworms, leeches

Nematoda

  • bilateral symmetry
  • can be parasitic
  • surrounded by non cellular cuticle secreted by cells
  • roundworms, hookworms, trichia

Platyhelminthes

  • Bilateral symmetry
  • incomplete digestive track
  • flattened body shape
  • many are parasitic
  • flatworms, tapeworms, planarcia

Chordata

  • Bilateral symmetry
  • complete digestive track
  • has notochord and hollow dorsal nerve tube
  • Mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, etc.
Classes in the Phylum Chordata
  • Agnatha (jawless fish)
  • Chondrichthyes (cartilage fish)
  • Osteichthyes (bony fish)
  • Amphibia
  • Aves (birds)
  • Mammalia

Systems of the Body

Circulatory

  • Delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells
  • Heart, arteries, and veins

Respiratory

  • Gas exchange throughout the body
  • Lungs, chiciah, bronchia, larynx

Nervous

  • Communication between parts of the body and reacts to changes from outside the body
  • brain and spinal cord

Excretory

  • removes waste and filters water
  • kidney, bladder, ureter, liver

Digestive

  • Breaks down food and nutrients
  • mouth, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine

Skeletal

  • Provides support to the body and creates blood cells
  • Bones

Open Circulatory system

  • Blood travels on its own throughout the body

Closed Circulatory system

  • Blood travels through veins and arteries

Single Circulatory loop

  • Single rout for blood to travel

Double Circulatory loop

  • More than one rout for blood to travel (2)

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