Civil Rights
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35 Terms
What law initially outlawed segregation in public facilities but was later ruled unconstitutional?
The Civil Rights Act of 1875; deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1883
Which Supreme Court case established the "separate but equal" doctrine?
Plessy v. Ferguson
What laws enforced racial segregation after Plessy v. Ferguson?
Jim Crow laws, mandating separation in public spaces
Which Supreme Court case declared school segregation unconstitutional?
Brown v. Board of Education, overturning "separate but equal"
What 1957 event required federal troops to protect African American students?
The Little Rock Nine's integration of Central High School
What phrase did the Supreme Court use in 1955 to order gradual school desegregation?
"With all deliberate speed"
What protest began after Rosa Parks' arrest in 1955?
The Montgomery Bus Boycott
Who refused to give up her bus seat, sparking the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
Rosa Parks
What organization led the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
The Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), founded and led by Martin Luther King Jr.
Who became the face of nonviolent resistance during the Civil Rights Movement?
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., leader of the SCLC
What term did MLK use to describe his philosophy of nonviolent protest?
"Soul force," rooted in civil disobedience
What group did MLK help found to organize nonviolent civil rights campaigns?
SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)
Which student-led group organized sit-ins and Freedom Rides?
SNCC
Who challenged segregation in interstate bus terminals in the 1960s?
Freedom Riders
Who became the first African American student at the University of Mississippi in 1962?
James Meredith
Which NAACP leader was assassinated in 1963 by Byron de la Beckwith?
Medgar Evers
Where did MLK deliver his "I Have a Dream" speech?
The March on Washington
What law banned discrimination based on race, religion, gender, or national origin?
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
What 1964 project aimed to register Black voters in Mississippi?
Freedom Summer
What law ended literacy tests and allowed federal oversight of voter registration?
The Voting Rights Act of 1965
What term describes segregation enforced by law?
De jure segregation
What term describes segregation caused by custom or practice?
De facto segregation
What term describes white families leaving cities to avoid integration?
White flight, worsening urban segregation
What 1965 riots lasted six days and highlighted urban inequality?
The Watts uprising in Los Angeles
What LBJ program aimed to reduce poverty and racial inequality?
War on Poverty
Who promoted Black nationalism and the slogan "ballots or bullets"?
Malcolm X
What movement did Malcolm X join while in prison?
The Nation of Islam (Black Islam)
What slogan emphasized Black self-determination and pride?
"Black Power," coined by Stokely Carmichael
Who founded the Black Panthers, and what was their goal?
Huey Newton and Bobby Seale; fought police brutality and supported Black communities
Why was MLK in Memphis when he was assassinated in 1968?
supporting a garbage workers strike
What commission blamed the Watts uprising on de facto segregation?
The Kerner Commission (1968)
What act banned discrimination in housing?
The Civil Rights Act of 1968
What policy aimed to address past discrimination but faced claims of "reverse discrimination"?
Affirmative action
What were key outcomes of the movement?
Increased Black graduates, voters, racial pride, and political representation
Who assassinated MLK?
James Earl Ray