US HIST 1301 Chapter 1

Discuss the differences between Historians & Archeologists.

A historian studies historical documents and an archeologist studies human history through prehistoric artifacts.

Know the Pangaea theory.

A process where North and South America became detached as a landmass before humans settled millions of years ago.

Know the two major developments for humans to migrate to the Western Hemisphere.

Ancient humans adapted to cold environments of the Arctic Circle and changes in the Earth’s climate reconnected North America to Asia or Beringia

1. Know the difference between Paleo-Indian & Archaic Indian.

 Paleo-Indian: First migrant into North America and descendants who spread across the Americas between 13,000 BP and 10,000 BP

Archaic Indian: Hunting and gathering people who descended from Paleo-Indians and dominated the Americas from 10,000 BP to 3000 BP.

1. Know the “overkill hypothesis” or the “big die off” and how it affected Paleo-Indians.

Overkill Hypothesis/Big Die Off: A period where Paleo-Indians kill large animals/mammals including mammoths. It affected Paleo-Indians by inhabiting a new world, change in climate, and changes in natural resources.

Even though debated when did people start migrating to North America.

25,000-15,000 BP

Know how agriculture changed life in the America’s.

More production in seeds, roots, nuts, berries, plants, and food

Know the two most important features the Woodland cultures utilized to enhance their hunter-gather lifestyle.

Agriculture and pottery.

Know the three major Eastern Woodland groups and what separated them.

Algoquian, iroquoian, muskogean. They were separated by weather, agriculture, and housing.

Know the three major cultures of the Southwestern Cultures

1. Hohokam, anasazi, and mogollon.

Which one of the Southwestern cultures resided in cliff dwellings and pueblos.

Anasazi

Know the Black death and its good/bad affects on the population of Europe

An epidemic period in the mid fourteenth century of a disease that wiped a third of Europe’s population.

Positive effects: Survivors inherited property from plague victims and new life

Negative effects: Population reduction, limited food supply, deaths

Know the main factors that encouraged monarchs towards exploration and expansion in the 15^th

Europeans wanted luxury goods including spices, carpet, silk in areas including Asia and Africa. They wanted new trading opportunities, new information, new experiences. Scientific and technological advances also helped set the stage of exploration. Fame and fortune was promised from exploration. More territories, power, and land.

Know the technical advances that supported exploration

Iron, sailing ships, firearms, wheeled vehicles, and horses.

Discuss why was Africa also influencing exploration.

Africa had gold, iron goods, weapons, textiles, and ornamental shells that brought Portuguese explorers to be influenced from exploration. This means trade brought attention to exploration. Slaves were created by colonists.

Know the Treaty of Tordesillas

A treaty in 1494 where an imaginary line was implemented to the Canary Islands. Land on the west of the line belonged to Spain and East belonged to Portugal.

Discuss the importance of Magellan’s voyage.

A plan of sailing west to the East Indies/Asia within 1519. Magellan’s plan was to reach the New World and then go to Asia. Magellan died from Philippine tribesmen and his expedition continued in the Indian Ocean and moved spices back to Spain in 1522.

Know the Columbian exchange and its global impact.

A revolutionary event of transatlantic exchange of trade, goods, people, and ideas.

Know why was Cortes so successful in conquest of the Aztec civilization.

Hernan Cortes was successful because Cortes and thousands of Indian allies laid siege to the Mexican capital by defeating the last Mexican defender in 1521

Discuss how Mexico’s conquest served as a template for other nations in dealing with colonization in the New World.

Spanish conquistadors used the conquest as a template in searching for treasure and gold, especially Tenochtitlan.

Discuss the “mixed” races of Mexico.

 Peninsulares (high status), creoles (middle), mestizos (lower). Peninsulares are the people born in the Iberian Peninsula such as Spain and Portugal. The Creoles are born to Spanish Parents in the New World. Mestizos are mixed with Spanish and Indian.

Discuss how land was divided up by Conquistadors and why.

Land was divided by the Encomienda system because it allowed Conquistadors to rule Indians and the lands around the town. The goal was to provide order, justice, and demand Christianity. (page 39)

Know what a joint stock company is and how and why it functions.

Joint-stock company: A form of investment for pooling capitals and shared risks. It functions by earning profits of capital invested and spreading the profits.

Know the Jamestown colony its successes and failures

1. Jamestown Colony: The first English permanent settlement in North America from 1607 by Colonists that was brought by the Virginia Company.

Success: Joint-stock companies and jobs

Failures: Disease and starvation 

Know the relationship between Jamestown and Indians.

Powhatan Indians kept their distance from Jamestown English settlers. Indians were often treated poorly from Jamestown. Powhatan Indians would retaliate if Jamestown English settlers were using violence. However, English colonists traded with Indians such as exchanging European goods for corn

Know the transition from a charter company to a royal company.

King James canceled the charter of the Virginia Company and made a royal company or colony. The Royal Colony was ruled by a king or queen and governed by officials to serve the monarchy and represent its interests. It was later that in 1619, the House of Burgesses became the new royal government where Virginia’s representatives were elected by inhabitants

Know headright and its functions politically and socially.

1. When royal governments give planters who paid transportation to Chesapeake a grant of fifty acres of free land.

Political function: Provide land to planters and wages

Social function: To implement class division 

Know tobacco and how it shaped the south politically and socially.

A natural resource that grew in the wild in the New World that was grown by Native Americans thousands of years before Europeans arrived. Tobacco was politically demanded in the South because settlers were able to make profit from selling tobacco at a high price. Tobacco socially shaped the South because tobacco was used for smoking when idling and working in the South and was influenced by Native Americans.

Know the indentured servants and why was it needed in the colonial system.

Poor immigrants who signed contracts for working four to seven years of labor in North America in exchange for transportation from England, food, and shelter. Indentured servants were needed in colonial system because merchants and ship captains were able to provide jobs and labor for immigrants with planters.

Know restrictions on indentured servants men and women

 Indentured women servants could not marry anyone until servitude expired. If women servants gave birth to a child, they work two extra years and pay a fine.

Know the class system in the southern colonies and how it developed.

The class division was between rich and poor planters in Chesapeake society. It was developed by social and economic polarization.

Know the yeoman and their function in the southern colonies.

Yeoman is a free farmer who owned a small plot of land to support a family and worked largely by servants and a few family members in southern colonies.

Know the conflicts between the southern colonists and government policies between 1640-1680.

Most southern colonists believed that great/wealthy men should have responsibility for the government. Colonial governments enforced the difference between indentured servants and planters with an iron fist

Know Mercantilism and Navigation acts and why they were instituted.

Navigation Acts: An English law in the 1650's and 1660’s that required English colonial goods to be shipped through English ports on English ships to benefit from English merchants, shippers, crews, and seamen. 

Mercantilism: A law that adds the import on tobacco that was preceded by the Navigation Act. The law placed an import tax of two pence on every pound of tobacco brought from England. The import tax gave the king financial interest in the size of the tobacco crop.

These laws were passed because the king needed to control the royal government’s trade, strength of monarchy, and collect profit from Southern colonies.

Discuss the Bacon’s rebellion and why was it fought and against who

Bacon’s Rebellion was an event in 1676 that was led by frontier settler Nathaniel Bacon that originally was desired to attack Indians and wealthy planters favored by the Virginia government. It was fought because Southern rulers violated class division and equality.

Know the West Indies role in instituting slavery early on in the southern colonies.

The role of the West Indies for creating slavery was to develop sugar plantations with enslaved labor in the 17th century.

Know the cash crops of Virginia and Carolinas respectively

1. Carolinas: Tobacco, cotton, indigo, olives, rice. (page 67). 

Virginia: Tobacco (page 70)

Know the advantages and disadvantages of a slave system.

1. Slave labor system: Lifelong bondage and forced labor on captured Africans. (page 63-66)

Advantages: More crops and resources, more trading opportunities, resolved political unrest from servant labor system

Disadvantages: More deaths, political issues, costed more than indentured servants

Know the reformation and its effects in England and the colonies

An abolition of the Catholic Church in England and declared King Henry VIII head of the new Church of England. The effect of reformation from England and the colonies was resulting in political and religious turmoil or disturbances.

Know the basis of English Puritanism in the 16th century its common goals and religious principles

English Puritanism: A reform that sought to eliminate offensive features of Catholicism that remained among the religious doctrines and practices of the Church of England. Its goal was to have believers read the bible on their own reflected goal of making the English church Protestant.  Its religious principles are to emphasize Christians to follow God’s commandment from the Bible.

Know the founding of the Mass. Bay colony and the main differences between itself and southern colonies.

In 1629, a group of Puritans found a royal charter for the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1630, eleven ship sailed for Massachusetts. The differences between Mass Bay Colony and southern colonies is that Mass Bay Colony had a royal charter

Know 17^th puritan communities and its social order (rules, regulations, religion, strict conformity, etc)

The puritan communities in the 17th century was a group of puritans who were protestant Christians. They believed predestination or a doctrine that states that God determined whether individuals were destined for salvation or damnation before birth.

Why did the Salem trials take place?

The Salem trials took place because there was conflict in religion and accusations of witchcraft.

Know the basis for conflict between Puritan churches and extremists.

New England leaders believed that dissenters like Roger Williams who disagreed with religious and political orders of puritans were wrong. Dissent was caused by mistaken beliefs or the evil power of Satan. In other words, Puritan churches didn’t tolerate dissent.

Know Anne Hutchinson and antinomians and their conflict with the church and the resolution. 

Anne Hutchison: A devout Puritan woman who specialized in scripture and religious questions.

Antinomians: Individuals who believed Christians could be saved by faith alone and did not need to act in accordance with God’s law as set forth in the bible. 

The conflict with the church is that the dissent exemplified by Anne Hutchison caused communities to splinter.

The resolution is that Puritan churches divided and subdivided as acrimony developed over doctrine and church governments after the splinter.

Know Calvinism & Predestination and its role in Puritan life.

 Calvinism: Doctrines of John Calvin that emphasize predestination. The idea that god had determined which souls would receive eternal salvation. 

Predestination: Doctrine that states God determined weathered individuals were destined for salvation or damnation before birth.

It’s role was to follow god’s commandments in the bible

 Know the conflict between Quakers and Puritans and how were the Quakers dealt with.

The conflict between Quakers and Puritans is that Quakers believed that God spoke to individuals through inner light and Puritans didn’t agree. Quakers were treated poorly. Most quakers were hit with a red hot iron and some were hung.

Know the basis of Quaker religion and the inner light

Quaker religion believed that God spoke directly to each individual by an inner light. Inner light being that individuals didn’t need a preacher or bible to discover God’s Word and humans were equal in God’s eyes. Quakers refused to conform to human creations including laws and governments

Know William Penn and his objectives in the New World.

A leader and English Quaker who encouraged the creation of a Quaker colony in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. His objective from the New World was to create a settlement of living in peace with Native Americans that lived in the region.

Know the relation between Native Americans and Quakers

Quakers accepted Native Americans peacefully. Penn purchased their land, respected claims, and dealt with them fairly.

Know who governed the middle colonies and why they lost the colonies to England

James Duke of York governed the middle colonies after the Dutch or West India Company once controlled it and they lost the colonies to England because England seized New Netherlands as the Dutch struggled to govern ethnically and religiously from New Netherlands (New York)

Know what lead to King Phillips War and explain what devastation was the result of the war to the colonies.

The cause of the King Philips War was when Charles I was beheaded by Puritans in England and Charles II took over the New England colonies firmly with the English empire. Also caused when Wampanoags attacked English colonies in Western Massachusetts that were led by Pumetacom or King Philip. After the colonists defeated the Indians, the result was that it left New England colonists with war debt, a devastated frontier, and hatred of Indians.

Know what the Glorious revolution is and how it affected the colonies.

An event where England restores the Protestant monarchy by William III and Mary II (Jame’s daughter) as James fled to France. It affected the colonies by destroying the Dominion of New England and reestablished charter governments.

Know the relationship between France (settlers in New France) and Indians compared to the English and Indian relation.

France converted Native Americans and traded with them, and had stronger relations than the English.