nature of science stations

Control Group

The normal or baseline group used for comparison that lacks the independent variable.

Observation

A direct description of a fact gathered using the five senses.

Fact

An objective, verifiable observation.

Principle

A statement based on repeated experimental observation describing an aspect of the world.

Law

A broad concept describing patterns in nature (HOW), often accepted as facts.

Theory

An explanation of an observed phenomenon organizing facts and research (WHY).

Independent Variable (IV)

The variable that is deliberately changed or controlled ("The Cause"); plotted on the x-axis.

Dependent Variable (DV)

The variable measured as a result ("The Effect"); plotted on the y-axis.

Constants

Aspects of an experiment kept identical across all trials to isolate the IV.

Inference

A logical statement or mental judgment based on interpretations of observations.

Good Hypothesis Structure

Written as a testable "If, then" statement using terms like "increase" or "decrease."

Pie / Circle Graph Use

Used to display parts of a whole.

Bar Graph Use

Used to compare distinct amounts across categories.

Line Graph Use

Used to show continuous change of one variable relative to another.

Catalase Function

An enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

Enzyme Denaturation

Loss of enzyme shape and functionality due to extreme conditions like high temperature.