Psyc 3083 LSU Gustin Final Exam

What is DBT? Who created it?

dialectical behavior therapy, Marsha Linehan

In DBT, what four stages are inherent in individual therapy? What happens at each stage?

•Stage I: A focus on safety and stabilization, in the following order: behaviors that are life threatening, behaviors that interfere with therapy, and behaviors that decrease the quality of life.

•Stage II: A focus on behaviors that cause misery and "quiet desperation," often due to past trauma and invalidation.

•Stage III: A focus on behaviors that cause problems in everyday living so that clients can live a life of relative contentment with its ups and downs.

•Stage IV: A focus on finding deeper meaning, spiritual fulfillment, and ongoing capacity for success and joy.

In DBT, what takes place in individual therapy?

greet clients warmly, ensure maintenance of the therapeutic alliance, conduct mindfulness to ground client and counselor, review diary card, inquire about homework assignments, set goals and assign homework

What are the different acceptance and change skills? Where are these learned in DBT?

Acceptance: Mindfulness, Distress tolerance

Change skills: Emotional Regulation, Interpersonal effectiveness

-Learned in group skills

In regards to the "what" and "how" skills of mindfulness, What do these skills involve?

"What" skills in DBT:

Observe: Notice what's happening (thoughts, feelings, surroundings) without trying to change it.

Describe: Put words to what you observe (label thoughts, emotions, and actions).

Participate: Be fully involved in the moment without overthinking or judging yourself.

"How" skills:

Nonjudgmentally: Notice without labeling things as "good" or "bad."

One-mindfully: Focus on one thing at a time.

Effectively: Do what works, not what feels right or proves a point.

What are the various aspects of the consulting team meeting? Who attends? What occurs in these meetings?

-One to one and one-half hours that consists of two to eight professional (those involved with the case)

-"Therapy for therapist"

-Coordinate with one another about the treatment plan and helps to ensure that all involved are on the same page

What is ACT? Who created it?

acceptance and commitment therapy. Stephen Hayes

What is the focus that distinguishes ACT (and other Third Wave therapies) from earlier cognitive-behavioral therapies?

-focus on the context of a person's life. They include elements like spirituality, personal values, and mindfulness, and they pay attention to how a person's surroundings and experiences shape who they are.

-While ACT is based in behavioral psychology, it also considers thoughts and feelings (cognitions) as behaviors that are influenced by the environment, rather than treating them as separate or special.

What caused Hayes to develop ACT?

he became unable to speak as tensions rose in his department and couldn't teach anymore. he realized the standard ways of coping, such as tranquilizers or processing a panic attack cognitively only made the condition worse.

-basically couldn't handle his anxiety

What is the process in which two or more stimuli become related to one another?

combinatory entailment

What makes ACT a functional contextual theory? What are formed in its different (biological, social, physical, and cultural) contexts?

-it examines past biological, social, physical, and cultural context-one's past context forms private events, sometimes called psychological events (things people do, think, or feel)

What is psychological inflexibility and what are its related processes?

cognitive fusion, experiential avoidance, being stuck in the past or the future, attachment to a conceptualized self, lack of clarity of values, unworkable action

What characterizes "psychological flexibility?"

defusion, acceptance, contact with the present moment, self-as-context, values, committed action

What is committed action?

"Do what it takes"

What is unworkable action?

feelings thoughts and behaviors that directly oppose intentional and mindful actions

What is experiential avoidance?

from an evolutionary perspective, we have learned to avoid external threats, however, we tend to think we should avoid internal processes that make us feel worse

What are the components of the MI Spirit?

compassion, collaboration, acceptance, evocation

FRAMES

Feedback

Responsibility

Advice

Menu of options

Empathy

Self-efficacy

(Standard Intervention)

DARN CATS

Desire

Ability

Reasons

Need

(Change Talk)

Commitment

Activation

Taking Steps

(Mobilizing Change Talk)

OARS

Open-ended questions

Affirmations

Reflective listening

Summaries

(Therapeutic Technique)

What four factors increase the effectiveness of MI? The counseling process in MI flows through which four steps?

Engaging: set up therapeutic alliance

Focusing: focus on where the client wants to go

Evoking: use skills to elicit the client's motivation towards change

Planning: plan how the client goes about accomplishments

What is change talk? What are the two types of change talk?

any statement a person makes that shows motivation or willingness to change a behavior.

-preparatory and mobilizing

Sustain talk

person talks about keeping things the same or not changing a behavior.

ex: "I've tried to quit before, but it didn't work."

Rolling with Resistance

never directly opposes with a client who resists change; "change talk" must come from the client themselves

Know the three types of learning and how to identify them.

operant learning: behavior is shaped by its consequences. (Skinner)

classical learning: a person or animal associates two things that happen together, so that one starts to trigger the response of the other. (Pavlov)

social learning: watching and imitating others, rather than through direct experience. (Bobo doll)

postive reinforcement

a response that encourages a particular behavior

ex: give a dog a treat for sitting down

negative reinforcement

A behavior increases because something unpleasant is removed.

ex: A person takes an aspirin to get rid of a headache.

positive punishment

A behavior decreases because something unpleasant is added.

ex: A child touches a hot stove and feels the pain.

negative punishment

A behavior decreases because something pleasant is taken away.

ex: teen gets phone taken for sneaking out

What's the "Build What's Strong" approach and the "Fix What's Wrong" approach. What does each focus on?

-build what's strong: focuses on building our positive emotions, thoughts, outlooks, etc.

-fix what's wrong: focuses on problems

Broaden Hypothesis

Increased positive emotions can broaden the possible thought-action responses

Undoing Hypothesis

Positive emotions help both the body and the mind regain a sense of balance, flexibility, and equilibrium after the impact of negative emotions

What are the four errors in thinking related to "strengths theory?"

1. fixing a weakness makes someone stronger.

2. strengths will develop naturally

3. strengths and weaknesses are opposite

4. a person can do anything he/she focuses on

Amplification in SFBT

Amplify client successes by encouraging them to have expanded discussions about solutions that have worked for them

ex:

Client: "I sometimes drink too much."

Therapist: "So you're saying drinking is just a small issue—not really something that affects your life much?"

Reframing in SFBT

Changing client's thinking of self from deficit model to positive focus

ex: Client: "I get angry too easily—it's a problem."

Therapist: "It sounds like you're really passionate and care deeply about things. Maybe we can find ways to channel that energy more effectively."

Complementing in SFBT

Reinforcing client resources and strengths to encourage clients in their continued efforts at solution building

ex: "It takes a lot of courage to talk about this. I can see how much you care about improving your life."

How does Beck define "schema?"

cognitive structures and core beliefs are the content that results from the structures

What are Solution-oriented questions?

how the client's life would be if the problem did not exist

ex: "When things have gone well in the past, what was different?"

What are evaluative questions? .

what the client is doing and whether it is working for him or her

ex: "Do you think that decision helped or hurt the situation?"

What are exception-seeking questions?

focus on times when clients were able to "make lemonade out of lemons"

ex: "What small things have you done that have worked in the past?"

What are preferred goals questions?

what the client is hoping his or her future will look like

ex: "What would success look like for you in the next month?"

What are coping questions?

how the client has coped in the past with his or her problem

ex: How have you been able to cope with similar situations in the past?

What is the demeanor of an SFBT therapist?

therapist needs to be tentative in order to get the client to open up to them and elicit information

What does external locus of control and internal locus of control mean?

-internal locus of control believe that they are responsible for their own success.

-external locus of control believe that external forces, like luck, determine their outcomes.

According to Rogers, how does a person become nongenuine?

when they do things or act in a way that is not like themselves

What is the Organismic Valuing Process? How does it develop?

when people move towards things that are good or positive for us. It occurs all the time but starts during very early childhood

What is "Conditions of Worth?"

When significant people in our lives place conditions on us to act a certain way

ex: if you don't let me drive your car I'm going to leave you

What is Socratic Questioning?

A systematic, disciplined approach to asking questions aimed at assessing truth

According to Rogers, what is the "actualizing tendency"? How does it come about?

aka self-actualization; a natural tendency we are born with that pushes all organisms towards growth. we all want to express ourselves creatively and reach our full potential

Why is ACT a form of functional contextual theory?

it examines current and past biological, social, physical and cultural contexts in our lives

What are private events and how are they formed?

emotions, memories, thoughts, sensations, and other internal experiences

-shaped by a combination of biological and environmental factors, and they develop over time through learning experiences.

What is the Oedipus Complex?

a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

The Stages of Psychosexual development

1. Oral (0-2 years old & the mouth is the erogenous zone)

2. Anal (1.5-3 years old & pleasure zone shifts from mouth to anus & covers toilet training)

3. Phallic (3-6 years old & focus on the penis for boys and penis envy for girls)

4. Latency (6-puberty stop caring about sexual pleasures and more so on building relationships with peers)

5. Genital (puberty to death &individual develops a strong sexual interest in people outside the family)

What are defense mechanisms and how are they helpful?

Ways we can deal with the world without seeing truths we can't accept; Healthy ways we adapt to society in order to function well

When is a token economy used? What is it?

it is a system in which an individual is rewarded for demonstrating the desired behavior and is rewarded by earning a token/chip/marker that can be exchanged for the desired prize. The token acts as a physical representation of the number of times the individual has demonstrated the desired behavior. Most commonly used in school-aged children or at home

What are the most frequently applied principles in operant conditioning?

positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, and extinction.

What are Core Beliefs?

firm inner beliefs that guides our choices.

What are intermediate beliefs?

created by core beliefs; set the attitudes, rules and expectations, and assumptions we live by.

What are automatic thoughts?

rapid, unthinking responses based on schemas; may be self-defeating and influence behavior/choices

What are automatic thoughts based on?

addressed first in therapy because core beliefs are at an unconscious level, and hard to get to, and automatic thoughts are easier to access

What catalyzed Ellis' interests to the extent that he developed REBT?

Ellis suffered from several phobias and neuroses and began working to cure himself with self-taught methods. Ellis has identified several mechanisms that cause us to cognitively distort events and which we use to indoctrinate ourselves into thinking irrationally.

What are cognitive distortions?

errors or biases in people's information processing system characterized by faulty thinking

What are the ABC&Ds? (REBT)

A: activating event

B: (irrational) beliefs

C: consequential feeling or behavior/ cognitive self-statements

D: Dispute

E: effective responses

What is the most commonly used emotive disputation?

rational emotive imagery

What is social constructivism and how does it relate to ethical decision-making?

philosophy suggests that language used and the discourses we have with others are key in the development of reality. A social constructivism approach redefines the ethical decision-making process as an interactive rather than an individual or intrapsychic process.