Biochemistry Functional groups

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Last updated 11:24 AM on 8/21/26
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24 Terms

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Methyl

-a carbon with 3 hydrogens attached

<p>-a carbon with 3 hydrogens attached</p>
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Ethyl

-a chain of 2 carbons saturated with hydrogens

<p>-a chain of 2 carbons saturated with hydrogens</p>
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Phenyl

-a benzene ring

<p>-a benzene ring</p>
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Aldehyde

-a carbonyl bonded to a hydrogen

<p>-a carbonyl bonded to a hydrogen</p>
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Ketone

-a carbonyl bonded to an R group on either side

-commonly found in the middle of an alkyl chain

<p>-a carbonyl bonded to an R group on either side</p><p>-commonly found in the middle of an alkyl chain</p>
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Carboxylate

-a carbonyl group bonded to an O⁻

<p>-a carbonyl group bonded to an O⁻</p>
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Hydroxyl (alcohol)

-aan R group bonded to an OH

<p>-aan R group bonded to an OH</p>
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Enol

-a carbon-carbon double bond with an OH attached

<p>-a carbon-carbon double bond with an OH attached</p>
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Ether

-an oxygen that links two R groups together

<p>-an oxygen that links two R groups together</p>
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Ester

-a carbonyl group bonded to an oxygen with R groups on either side

<p>-a carbonyl group bonded to an oxygen with R groups on either side</p>
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Acetyl

-a carbonyl group bonded to a methyl group

<p>-a carbonyl group bonded to a methyl group</p>
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Anhydride (2 carboxylic acids)

-two carbonyl groups connected by an oxygen

<p>-two carbonyl groups connected by an oxygen</p>
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Amine (protonated)

-a nitrogen bonded to an R group and saturated with hydrogens

<p>-a nitrogen bonded to an R group and saturated with hydrogens</p>
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Amide

-a carbonyl group bonded to an amino group

<p>-a carbonyl group bonded to an amino group</p>
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Imine

-a carbon that is double-bonded to an NH

<p>-a carbon that is double-bonded to an NH</p>
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imine

-a carbon-nitrogen double bond with 3 R groups attached

<p>-a carbon-nitrogen double bond with 3 R groups attached</p>
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Guanidinium

-a carbon bonded to three amino groups (one is attached by a double bond)

-has resonance

<p>-a carbon bonded to three amino groups (one is attached by a double bond)</p><p>-has resonance</p>
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Imidazole

-a five-member ring consisting of carbons and nitrogens with two double bonds

-found in the amino acid histidine

<p>-a five-member ring consisting of carbons and nitrogens with two double bonds</p><p>-found in the amino acid histidine</p>
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(Sulfhydryl) thiol

-an R group bonded to an SH

<p>-an R group bonded to an SH</p>
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Disulfide

-two sulfurs bonded together

<p>-two sulfurs bonded together</p>
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Thioester

-a carbonyl group bonded to a sulfur with R groups on either side

<p>-a carbonyl group bonded to a sulfur with R groups on either side</p>
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Phosphoester

-a phosphate bonded to 3 oxygens (one is attached by a double bond) and an OH

<p>-a phosphate bonded to 3 oxygens (one is attached by a double bond) and an OH</p>
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Phosphoanhydride

-2 phosphoryl groups bonded together via an oxygen

<p>-2 phosphoryl groups bonded together via an oxygen</p>
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Mixed anhydride or acyl phosphate (carboxylic acid and phosphoric acid)

-a carbonyl group bonded to a phosphoryl group

<p>-a carbonyl group bonded to a phosphoryl group</p>