Bio exam review, grade11

Sessil

Organisms that do not move

Protosome

Mouth forms before anus (e.g tapeworm)

Ectoterm

Animal dependent on external body heat

Obligate aerobe

Survive with out oxygen

Motile

organism that can move

Endotherm

Warm blooded animals

Deuterostome

Anus forms before the mouth (e.g Humans)

Faculative aerobe

Can breath with or without oxygen

Fraternal twins

Each egg is fertilized by a different sperm

Monocot

In stem, vascular bundles are scattered

darwin-natural selection

The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

identical twins

Zygote split and forms two embryos

sister chromatids

identical copies of chromatids

Mitosis

occurs everywhere in the body except the reproductive organs

Meiosis

Occurs only in the reproductive organs

Homologous chromosomes

Matching pairs of chromosomes

DNA

Genetic material

Archea

Prokaryotic-extreme environment

diploid

46 chromosomes

prokaryotic cells

No nucleus
No membrane bound organelle
no mitochondria
single-celled

purpose of a ribosome

to make proteins by joining the amino acids

eubacteria

prokaryotic- salmonella

chromosome

genetic information in the form of genes

Haploid

23 chromosomes

Eudicots

vascular bundles form a ring

Passive transport

Minerals and water are transported passively through osmosis, diffusion, evaporation, and mass flow, without using metabolic energy.

Active transport

Active transport requires energy from cells because it moves particles against their natural flow, from low to high concentration.

primary succession

Primary succession occurs in areas without plants, animals, or soil, starting with bare conditions unsuitable for most life forms.

Gamete cells

Mature haploid cell

Somatic cells

any cell other than a reproductive cell

Lamarck

Acquired traits develop during an organism's lifetime and are not inherited.

Darwin

Acquired traits are characteristics gained during an organism's life and cannot be passed to offspring.

Cellular respiration

Respiration is the process that produces the energy needed to fuel all cell activities.

What % of air is oxygen

21%

Small-scale evolutionary changes within a population

What is microevolution?

Adaptation is the process by which a species develops traits that improve survival and reproduction. A trait qualifies as an adaptation if it enhances fitness, is heritable, and evolves through natural selection.

Describe the process of adaptation and when a trait can be considered an adaptation.

Mutations create variation. Helpful mutations improve survival, leading to evolution.

How do mutations lead to evolution, and under what circumstances are they significant?

Reproductive isolating mechanisms prevent different species from interbreeding.

What are the reproductive isolating mechanisms, and how do they contribute to speciation?

Explain how variation develops within a population?

Variation develops through mutations, genetic recombination during reproduction, and gene flow from other populations.

Compare and contrast artificial selection with natural selection, including pros and cons of selective breeding.

Comparison:

• Both involve choosing traits that pass to the next generation.

• Natural selection occurs naturally, while artificial selection is human-controlled.

Contrast:

• Natural Selection: Traits improve survival and reproduction in the wild.

• Artificial Selection: Traits are chosen for human benefit (e.g., higher yield, appearance).

Pros of Artificial Selection:

• Enhances desirable traits (e.g., bigger fruits, stronger animals).

• Faster than natural evolution.

Cons of Artificial Selection:

• Reduces genetic diversity.

• Can cause health problems in animals (e.g., dog breeds prone to diseases).

Provide examples of characteristics that can be selected for through sexual selection and explain why they are advantageous

• Bright feathers (e.g., peacocks) - Attract mates.

• Large antlers (e.g., deer) - Compete for mates.

• Complex songs (e.g., birds) - Impress potential mates.

How does genetic drift differ from natural selection?

Genetic drift is a random process, while natural selection is a non-random process

What is variation in the context of adaptation and evolution?

Differences in traits among individuals

What is descent with modification as described by Charles Darwin?

The process by which species evolve over time through gradual changes

Vestigial structures are remnants of organs that have lost their original function (e.g., human appendix, goosbumps)

What are vestigial structures? Can you provide an example?

Ciliated cells move mucus to the throat to be swallowed

What is the significance of ciliated cells in the respiratory system?

Artery, veins, and capilaries

What are the three main types of blood vessels in the circulatory system?

Liver

Which organ produces bile, an important substance for digestion?

What are macronutrients?

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

Enzymes break down food into absorbable molecules.

What is the role of enzymes in digestion?

To facilitate exchange of materials between blood and tissues

What is the main function of capillaries in the circulatory system?

Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Rectum

Describe the path food takes through the digestive system.

Accessory organs help digestion by producing enzymes and substances. The liver makes bile, the pancreas releases digestive enzymes, and the gallbladder stores bile, improving nutrient absorption.

Explain the importance of accessory organs in the digestive process?

Discuss the differences in digestive systems between herbivores, carnivores, and insectivores.

• Herbivores: Long intestines, specialized teeth for grinding plants, fermentation chambers for cellulose digestion.

• Carnivores: Shorter intestines, sharp teeth for tearing meat, strong stomach acids for protein breakdown.

• Insectivores: Short intestines, specialized adaptations for digesting insects, often have sticky tongues or quick jaws.

Gas pressure is key in breathing. Inhalation lowers lung pressure, drawing in air, while exhalation increases pressure, pushing air out. This helps take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide.

How does gas pressure relate to the process of respiration?

What are the four major groups of macromolecules, and what are their main functions?

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

4

how many chamber are in a heart

to break down food into nutrients

What is the primary function of the digestive system?

Digestion breaks down food in the stomach and intestines. Nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine, enter capillaries, and are carried to the liver and the rest of the body.

How do nutrients enter the bloodstream after digestion?

Herbivores have longer intestines than carnivores

What distinguishes herbivores from carnivores in terms of digestive structure?

Both mechanical and chemical digestion

Which type of digestion occurs in the stomach?