9- Plant Biology (AHL) 낱말 카드 | Quizlet

Sepal

A leaf-like structure that encloses the bud of a flower

Stigma

Sticky portion at the top of the style, where pollen grains land

Style

The narrow elongated part between the ovary and the stigma

Ovary

The organ that protects the ovules of a flower, and develops into a fruit.

Ovule

A structure that develops in the ovary and contains the female gamete. Develops into seeds.

Stamen

The male reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and a filament.

Anther

Structure which produces pollen grains.

Filament

A long, thin structure that supports an anther.

Pollen

The fine dust-like granules that contain the male gametes of seed plants.

Petal

Brightly colored structure that attracts insects to a flower

Carpel

The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.

Nectar

A sugary liquid made by flowers, that is attractive to pollinators

transpiration

loss of water from a plant through its leaves, inevitable consequence of gas exchange in the leaf.

xylem

vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

epidermis

the outermost layer structure of plant cell and the only layer in direct contact with the outside environment

stomata

a microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant.

guard cells

the two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore; found in pairs, one on either side of the stomata

cohesion

an attraction between molecules of the same substance

adhesion

attraction between molecules of different substances

cavitation

liquids would be unable to resist the very low pressures in xylem vessels and the column of liquid would break.

cuticle

the waxy, waterproof layer that covers the leaves and stems of most plants.

phloem

living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant; transports starch

palisade mesophyll

a densely packed region of cylindrical cells occurs in the upper portion of the leaf.

spongy mesophyll

loose tissue beneath the palisade layer of a leaf; has many air spaces between its cells

veins

distributed throughout the leaf to transport raw materials and products of photosynthesis; located in the middle of the leaf

tracheid

dead cells that taper at the ends and connect to one another to form a continuous column in veins

vessels (vessel elements)

dead cells, have thick, lignified secondary walls which are often interrupted by areas of primary wall

perforations

openings that lack both primary and secondary cell walls

lignin

organic compound substance in vascular plants that makes cell walls rigid; waterproofs plant parts, add protection against pathogens

potometer

a device used for measuring the rate of water uptake of a plant due to photosynthesis and transpiration.

xerophytes

plants adapted to arid climates

halophytes

plants that live in highly saline (salty) soil

dipolarity

molecule has two poles (negative and positive), e.g. water molecules

capillary action

the attraction of the surface of a liquid to the surface of a solid

cambium

a layer of cells in a plant that produces new phloem and xylem cells.

pits

thin, porous areas of the cell wall where water moves from one tracheid to another

lumen

hollow structures, e.g. gut

cortex

an area in between the epidermis, and the cambiums

pith

the essential or central part; the area inside the cambium

monocot

angiosperm with one seed leaf in its ovary

dicot

angiosperm with two seed leaves in its ovary

symplastic

this route of water movement moves it through the cytoplasm of cells

apoplastic

substances move through cell walls and intercellular spaces, do not move through plasma membrane

liverwort

the most primitive group of non-vascular plants, plants with no stomata

sieve tubes

an element of phloem tissue consisting of a longitudinal row of thin-walled elongated cells with perforations in their connecting walls through which food materials pass

sieve tube cells

cylindrical cells lacking nuclei and with perforated sides and end walls that allow the movement of phloem sap between cells.

companion cells

make up phloem vessels, along with sieve tube elements; alive and aid in the transport process which occurs in the sieve tubes.

translocation

phloem's transport of organic compounds

source

a cell in the photosynthetic tissues where organic compounds are synthesized.

sink

a place which compounds are delivered to use or for storage (in areas like root, fruit, seeds, etc.)

phloem sap (plant sap)

the nutrient rich, vicious fluid of the phloem.

plasmodesmata

connects cytoplasm of sieve tube membrane and companion cells

co-transport protein

this protein simultaneously moves a hydrogen ion and another material (in this case sucrose) into the cell

Aphids

a group of insects that penetrate the plant phloem and feed on the dissolved food. They act as plant pathogens and are also vectors that carry pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and fungi into healthy plant tissue

hypertonic solution

a solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution

hypotonic solution

a solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution

stylet

a protruding mouthpiece, which pierces the plant's sieve tube to allow sap to be extracted

phloem loading

sucrose is moved by active transport from source cells through companion cells to sieve-tube members.

apical meristem

embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length.

lateral meristem

a meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants.

vascular cambium

a cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that adds layers of secondary vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem.

cork cambium

a cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that replaces the epidermis with thicker, tougher cork cells; occurs within bark

phototropin

a protein that act as photoreceptors that detect blue light and initiate phototropic responses

in vitro

in laboratory

internode

a segment of a plant stem between the points where leaves are attached; marked by auxiliary buds

auxiliary bud

inactive meristems; structures that have the potential to form a lateral shoot or branch; when the plant flowers or produces a new shoot, the hormonal inhibitor is removed and the meristem becomes active.

turgor

when the vacuole is full of water

indeterminate growth

organisms with this type of growth show continued growth throughout their life.

shoot apex

the apical meristem and its surrounding developing plant tissue at the tip of a stem

target cells

the cells upon which hormones have an effect

PIN3 protein

a protein that transports auxin to where growth is needed; specialized proteins of the auxin efflux pump.

apical dominance

concentration of auxins at the tip of a plant shoot and at auxiliary buds, where a terminal bud partially inhibits axillary bud growth.

florigen

the signaling molecule that induces flowering in both short-day and long-day plants

phytochrome system

by measuring the amount of phytochtome in each form the plant measure night length therefore whether to flower or not. Flowering depends on the length of darkness

PFR

The active form of phytochrome

PR

The inactive form of phytochrome

photoperiodism

a physiological response to photoperiod, the relative lengths of night and day.

maltose

is broken down from starch diffuses to the embryo and later converted into glucose for energy and growth

angiosperms

plants which produce flowers

amylase

catalyzes the breakdown of starch to maltose

auxin-receptor complex

a combination of an auxin and a transcriptional repressor which leads to breakdown of the repressor and transcription occurring

vegetative

reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants

cross-pollination

occurs when pollen is transferred from anther to stigma of flowers on different plants.

self-pollination

pollen is transferred from anther to stigma of the same flower.

pollen

contains the male sex cells and is produced in the anther part of the stamen.

fertilization

occurs after pollination. It is the union of haploid male and female sex cells to form a diploid zygote.

seed dispersal

seeds must have some means to move from the parent plant. Allows the species to spread from a single location; also lessens competition for resources around the parent plant.

cotyledons

seed leaves which contain the nutrients of the bean seed.

testa

an outer seed coat that protects the embryonic plant

plumule

the embryonic shoot (also called the epicotyl)

radicle

the embryonic root; the area that looks white on the seed

micropyle

a small pore in the outer covering of the seed, that allows for the passage of water; where the seed was attached to the parent plant

germination

the process by which a seed emerges from a period of dormancy and begins to sprout

gibberellin (GA)

a plant hormone that stimulates mitosis and cell division in the embryo

Long Day Plants (LDP)

flower when days are longest and the nights are

short

Short Day Plants (SDP)

flower as nights become longer and days are shorter

abiotic

Non-living things

phytochrome

a type of light receptor in plants that mostly absorbs red light and regulates many plant responses, such as seed germination and shade avoidance.

aleurone layer

a tissue that lies beneath the seed coat and surrounds the endosperm. Secretes digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules stored in the endosperm.

hydrostatic pressure

pressure exerted by a volume of fluid against a wall, membrane, or some other structure that encloses the fluid.