Intermolecular forces

What is another name for intramolecular

bonding forces

Where are intramolecular forces found

within a molecule

Describe how the chemical behavior of each phase of matter is, why

the same because the same basic particle is present in each case

What is another name for intermolecular

nonbonding forces

Where are intermolecular forces found

between molecules

Describe the physical behavior of each phase of matter, why

different because the strength of these forces differ from state to state

True or false. Phase transitions linearly scale with molar mass

false

Define phase

each physical state of matter, a physically distinct homogeneous part of a system

What are the properties of each phase determined by

the balance between the potential and kinetic energy of the particles

Define potential energy and name its formula

the form of attractive forces, tends to draw particles together

E=kq1q2/r

Define kinetic energy and name its formula

associated with movement, tends to disperse particles

E= 1/2mv²

Compare attractive forces vs kinetic energy and properties of a gas

attractive forces are weak relative to kinetic energy

particles are far apart. a gas has no fixed shape or volume

Compare attractive forces vs kinetic energy and properties of a liquid

attractive forces are stronger because particles have less energy

can flow and change shape, but has a fixed volume

Compare attractive forces vs kinetic energy and properties of a solid

attractions dominate motion, particles are fixed in place relative to each other

fixed shape and volume

For intermolecular forces, particles have differing ability to what? It can involve?

adhere to other particles

can involve ions, covalent compounds or both

List the two types of intermolecular forces for ionic (predominantly electrostatic)

ion-ion

ion-dipole

List the four types of intermolecular forces for covalent

dispersion

dipole-induced dipole

dipole-dipole

hydrogen bonding

For London forces, when atoms near each other what happens

valence electrons interact

For London forces, what does repulsion cause, resulting in

electrons clouds in each to distort and polarize, resulting in instantaneous dipoles

For London forces, explain how the effect becomes enhanced

increased volume of electron cloud size

For London forces, explain how the effect becomes diminished

increased distance between particles and compact arrangement of atoms

What kind of attraction are London forces

instantaneous dipole-induced dipole attractions

Where do London forces operate

between all molecules

neutral or net charged, nonpolar or polar

What does the London force strength depend on

polarizability of electron cloud

points of attraction

-number atoms

-molecular shape (compact or elongated)

What is dispersion frequently said to be, what is a better description

mass based; better description is surface-area based

What does dispersion arise from

instantaneous, small dipoles from electron distribution in molecular orbitals

Where does dispersion exist

between ALL molecules

Where does interaction of dipole-dipole occur

between polar molecules

What is the strength of dipole-dipole related to

dipole moment and steric considerations

What type of molecules are dipole-dipole attractions

tumbling

What is dipole-dipole attractions a mixture of

attractive and repulsive dipole-dipole forces

Are attractions or repulsions maintained longer

attractions

What does strength of dipole moment affect

physical properties

Explain which molecules hydrogen bonding is possible for, specifically

molecules that have a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a small, highly electronegative atom with lone electron pairs, specifically N, O, or F

What attraction is an intermolecular hydrogen bond

between the H atom of one molecule and a lone pair of the N, O, or F atom of another

For hydrogen bonding, certain polar molecules containing _____ have _______

OH, NH, AND FH bonds

enhanced dipole-dipole attractions

What is required for hydrogen bonding

lone pair

Explain the significance of a highly polarized σ orbital

bonding where electrons are pulled toward more electronegative atom, creating partial charges that allow hydrogen bonding

What does hydrogen bonding produce in a liquid

strong attractions

What is hydrogen bonding responsible for with water

expansion as it freezes

What does hydrogen bonding (dotted lines) between molecules in ice form

tetrahedral configuration

Name two examples where hydrogen bonding can be found

proteins and DNA nucleotide pairs

Draw the table of Hydrogen Bond Strengths