BIO 121- Evolution, adaptations and classification of fungi

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44 Terms

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arbuscular mycorrhiza

mycorrhizal association in which the fungal hyphae enter the root cells and form extensive networks

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Arbuscular mycorrhizae

mycorrhizae commonly involving Glomeromycetes in which the fungal hyphae penetrate the cell walls of the plant root cells (but not the cell membranes)

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Ascocarp

fruiting body of ascomycetes

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Ascomycota

(also, sac fungi) phylum of fungi that store spores in a sac called ascus

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Basidiocarp

fruiting body that protrudes from the ground and bears the basidia

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Basidiomycota

(also, club fungi) phylum of fungi that produce club-shaped structures (basidia) that contain spores

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Basidium

club-shaped fruiting body of basidiomycetes

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Chytridiomycota

(also, chytrids) primitive phylum of fungi that live in water and produce gametes with flagella

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coenocytic hypha

single hypha that lacks septa and contains many nuclei

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Commensalism

symbiotic relationship in which one member benefits while the other member is not affected

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Deuteromycota

former form phylum of fungi that do not have a known sexual reproductive cycle (presently members of two phyla: Ascomycota and Basidiomycota)

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Ectomycorrhiza

mycorrhizal fungi that surround the roots with a mantle and have a Hartig net that extends into the roots between cells

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Ectomycorrhizae

mycorrhizae in which the fungal hyphae do not penetrate the root cells of the plant

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facultative anaerobes

organisms that can perform both aerobic and anaerobic respiration and can survive in oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor environment

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Glomeromycota

phylum of fungi that form symbiotic relationships with the roots of trees

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Haustoria

modified hyphae on many parasitic fungi that penetrate the tissues of their hosts, release digestive enzymes, and/or absorb nutrients from the host

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Heterothallic

describes when only one mating type is present in an individual mycelium

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Homothallic

describes when both mating types are present in mycelium

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Hypha

fungal filament composed of one or more cells

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Karyogamy

fusion of nuclei

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Lichen

close association of a fungus with a photosynthetic alga or bacterium that benefits both partners

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Mold

tangle of visible mycelia with a fuzzy appearance

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Mycelium

mass of fungal hyphae

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Mycetismus

ingestion of toxins in poisonous mushrooms

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Mycology

scientific study of fungi

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Mycorrhiza

mutualistic association between fungi and vascular plant roots

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Mycorrhizae

a mutualistic relationship between a plant and a fungus. Mycorrhizae are connections between fungal hyphae, which provide soil minerals to the plant, and plant roots, which provide carbohydrates to the fungus

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Mycosis

fungal infection

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Mycotoxicosis

poisoning by a fungal toxin released in food

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obligate aerobes

organisms, such as humans, that must perform aerobic respiration to survive

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obligate anaerobes

organisms that only perform anaerobic respiration and often cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

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Parasitism

symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits at the expense of the other

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Plasmogamy

fusion of cytoplasm

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polyphyletic group

group of organisms that is of mixed evolutionary origin

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Saprobe

organism that derives nutrients from decaying organic matter; also saprophyte

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Septa

cell wall division between hyphae

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Soredia

clusters of algal cells and mycelia that allow lichens to propagate

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Sporangium

reproductive sac that contains spores

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Spore

a haploid cell that can undergo mitosis to form a multicellular, haploid individual

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Thallus

vegetative body of a fungus

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Yeast

general term used to describe unicellular fungi

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Zygomycota

(also, conjugated fungi) phylum of fungi that form a zygote contained in a zygospore

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Zygospore

structure with thick cell wall that contains the zygote in zygomycetes

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