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20 Terms

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Volcano
A mountain formed by the eruption of magma/lava.
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Active Volcanoes
Currently erupting or show signs of erupting, approximately 800 active volcanoes exist.
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Convergent Plate Boundaries
Major locations for volcanoes found mainly at ocean-continent and continent-convergent boundaries.
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Hotspot
An area where magma can rise through the mantle; examples include Hawaii and Yellowstone.
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Viscosity of Magma
A measure of a magma's resistance to flow; affected by chemical composition, temperature, and amount of volatiles.
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Pahoehoe Lava
A type of lava flow with a smooth, textured surface.
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Aa Lava
A type of lava flow characterized by a sharp, fragmented surface.
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Pyroclastic Material
Erupted material from high viscosity eruptions, including ash and rock.
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Shield Volcano
A type of volcano that erupts basaltic lava, exemplified by those in Hawaii.
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Cinder Cone Volcano
The smallest type of volcano, usually characterized by a single vent eruption.
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Composite Volcano
Volcanoes with high viscosity magma that can have explosive eruptions; examples include Mount St. Helens.
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Caldera
A large volcanic depression formed after a volcano collapses following a large eruption; an example is Crater Lake.
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Lahar
A destructive volcanic mudflow that occurs when volcanic materials mix with water.
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Fault
A fracture in the Earth's crust along which movement has occurred.
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Strike-Slip Fault
A fault where the motion is horizontal, with one side sliding past the other.
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Dip-Slip Fault
A fault where motion is vertical, with hanging walls and footwalls.
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Isostasy
The equilibrium of the Earth's crust floating on the mantle, which is affected by loading and unloading.
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Principle of Superposition
In an undeformed sequence of strata, the oldest layers are at the bottom and the youngest at the top.
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Principle of Original Horizontality
The layers of sediment are typically deposited in a horizontal position.
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Law of Cross-Cutting Relationships
Any geological feature that cuts across another is younger than the feature it cuts.