urinary quiz

High urine pH

pH > 8 (due to anemia, diet high with veggies + dairy)

Low urine pH

pH < 5 (due to diet high with protein, cranberry juice, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus)

Normal specific gravity

1.010 -1.026

High specific gravity

> 1.026 → concentrated (low fluid, anemia, diabetes mellitus)

Low specific gravity

< 1.010 → dilute (high fluid, renal damage)

How do we measure specific gravity?

hydrometer → density, refractometer → refraction

High protein in urine

proteinuria (diet)

Low protein in urine

Very small traces are considered normal

High glucose in urine

glucose in urine is not normal (due to large meal or sign of diabetes mellitus)

Different color of urine

Color influenced by diet + drugs:

light yellow/amber → normal

orange → carrots, antibotics?, jaundice

green → asparagus, bacteria, diuretics

red/brown → beets, laxatives, hemoglobin (blood)

Dark wine → beets, anti-inflammatory drugs, hemolytic jaundice

Normal urine stats:

pH: 6-7

Specific gravity: 1.010-1.026

protein: absent

Glucose: absent

Color: light yellow or amber

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

causes kidneys to release LESS water (less urine output)

Aldosterone

Balance of water and salts (Keeps Na+, release K+)

segments of renal tubule

1. proximal convoluted

2. loop of henle

3. distal convoluted tubule

renal corpuscle

glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

how can water be lost

Sensible: feces, urine, sweat

Insensible: in breath(respiratory tract) or cutaneous transport (off skin)

osmoreceptors in hypothalamus

detect changes in osmolarity control secretion of ADH

increased sodium in take…

leads to increased sodium lose in urine

1. a decrease in aldosterone secretion

2. an increase in GFR

3. a decrease in AHD

4. an increase in secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide