part 1 Boards Pathology

calcium infiltration in normal tissue

metastatic calcification

metastatic calcification is most commonly see in

Hypervitaminosis D

hyperparathyroidism

calcium infiltration in abnormal/damaged tissue

dystrophic calcification

dystrophic calcification is most commonly seen in

atherosclerosis

scar tissue

cell death in which tissue maintains a "cheese-like" appearance

caseous necrosis

caseous necrosis commonly seen in

tuberculosis

cell death that occurs when blood flow to cells stops or slows (ischemia)

coagulative necrosis

coagulative necrosis is commonly seen in

myocardial infarction

deterioration of cells accompanied by formation of fat globules

fatty degeneration

fatty degeneration is commonly seen in

nutmeg liver (result of hepatic venous congestion)

cell death with transformation into a liquid, viscous mass

liquefactive necrosis

liquefactive necrosis commonly seen in

ischemic brain tissue (CNS) leprosy (Skin)

antegrade degeneration of axons and myelin sheaths following proximal axonal or neuronal cell body lesions

wallerian degeneration

wallerian degeneration is commonly seen in

peripheral nerves

decrease in size

atrophy

increase in size

hypertrophy

increase in number of cells

hyperplasia

hyperplasia are commonly seen in

goiters

pregnant uterus

changing from one cell type to another

metaplasia

change in size, shape, and function of a cell pancreas (last reversible stage)

dysplasia

complete disorganization of a cell

anaplasia

where do we see anaplasia occur

cancer (stratified -squamous cell carcinoma)

type 1 collagen found in

bone, muscle, tendons, ligaments, fascia

type 2 collagen found in

disc

type 3 collagen aka reticular collagen found in

early wound healing; requires vitamin C

type 4 collagen found in

basement membrane

congenital defect in collagen synthesis

ehlers danlos syndrome

inhalation and deposition of particles into the lung

pneumoconiosis

accumulation of carbon in the lungs seen in coal miners "Black lung"

anthracosis

combination of anthracosis and rheumatoid arthritis

caplans syndrome

scarring of lungs due to asbestosis fibers seen in construction workers and leads to mesothelioma

abestosis

fungal infection due to inhalation of blastospores

blastomycosis

endemic fungus on eastern seaboard (from florida to nova scotia)

blastomycosis

inhaltion of hemp, flax, or cotton particles, seen in farmer, causing brown lung

byssinosis

fungal infection due to inhalation of cocciospores, fungus in southwest desserts (san joaquin valley fever)

coccidiomycosis

fungis around missisipi or ohio valley, found in droplets from birds and bats

histoplasmosis

deposition of excess iron dust in body tissue

siderosis

deposition of silica from sand, rock, or glass causing rocky quarry disease

silicosis

airways narrow and swell, producing extra mucous, type 1 hypersensitivity reaction. curschmans spirals and charcot leyden crystals

asthma

inflammation of alveoli not considered to one lobe

bronchopneumonia

combination of anthracosis and RA

caplans

body produces thick, sticky mucous that can clog and obstruct organs affect chloride channels in the body

cystic fibrosis (salty baby syndrome)

major cause of lung infections in individuals with cystic fibrosis

pseudomonas aeruginosa

damage to lung alveoli; type of COPD, causing loss of elasticity in lungs and decreased forced expiratory volume (barrel chest)

emphysema

defieceincy in alpa 1 antitrypsin

emphysema

iron in lungs due to bleeding

Hemosiderosis

accumulation of fluid in alveoli

pulmonary edema

scarring of the lungs (honeycomb lung appearance)

pulmonary fibrosis

ghon lesions, potts disease, gibbus deformity caused by

tuberculosis

granulomatosa with polyangitis, facial destruction

wegners

pain in the back that radiates to the flank

nephrolithiasis

nephritic syndrome

group of clinical signs and symptoms, present in some disorders, that cause glomerulonephritis; marked by blood and protein in the urine and by edema in various parts of the body

hypertension, edema, and massive amounts of protein in the urine

nephrotic syndrome

HEP

pre clampsia

HEP + convulsions

eclampsia

clusters of cysts develop in kidneys causing enlargement and loss of function creating "moth-eaten" kidney appearance

polycystic kidney

nephroblastoma. M/C malignant mixed tumor of the kidney in children

wilms tumor

decreased cortisol and patient present with hypotension, bronze color skin, hyperpigmentation of face and hands

addisons

increased aldosterone patient presents with hypertension and water retention

conns

increased cortisol, moon face, buffalo hump, purple striae, central obesity

cushings

hyperplasia of thyroid cells

goiter

increased thyroid hormone, pt has exopthalamus, heat intolerance, weight loss, rapid heart rate, hair loss

graves disease

decreased thryoid hormone, autoimmune

hashimotos

decreased thyroid hormone in adults. pt presents with cold intolerance, weight gain, slow heart rate, loss of lateral 1/3 eyebrow

myedema

decreased thyroid hormone in children

cretinism

A benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes episodic hypertension

pheochromocytoma

what is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis

Iodine

most common cause of cervical cancer

HPV

failure of testes ti descend

cryptorchidism

abnormal tissue growing outside of the uterus

endometriosis

most common site of endometriosis

ovaries

urethra exits n the dorsal side of penis

epispadias

urethra exits on ventral side of penis

hypospadias

benign tumor of smooth muscle aka uterine fibroid

leiomyoma

Causes of anovulation, hirutism, acne, and #1 cause of infertility

PCOS

tumor of the testicle

Seminoma

most common cause of testicular cancer in young males

seminoma

pt presents with hutchinsons teeth, rhagades, saddle nose, sabre blade tibia, interstitial keratitis

congenital syphilis

pt presents with hard, singular, painless nodule on perineum (chancre)

primary syphilis

pt presents with maculopapular rash, condylomata lata

secondary syphilis

patient presents with tabes dorsalis, aortic aneurysm, gumma lesions, argyll robertson pupil

tertiary syphilis

Soft, painful nodule caused by Haemophilus ducreyi

Chancroid

#1 cause of pelvic inflammatory disease, produces white pus, caused by chlamydia trachomatis

chlamydia

diabetes mellitus is due to

decreased production of insulin by beta cells of the pancreas

diabetes mellitus causes

bilateral peripheral neuropathy in lower extrimities, and polydispia, polyuria, polyphagia

type 1 diabetes mellitus

pancreas produces little to no insulin

type 2 diabetes mellitus

body cannot effectively use the insulin that is produced

excess iron in organs and skin

hemochromatosis

severe protein malnutrition

Kwashiorkor

Complete calorie malnutrition

Marasmus

rare genetic disorder characterized by excess copper in various body tissues, and pt presents with kayser fleisher rings

wilsons

lower esophageal sphincter fails to open during swallowing due to decrease in ganglion cell density in myenteric plexus causing megaesophagus

achalasia

metaplasia of esophageal cells into stomach cells caused by GERD

barrettts esophagus

occlusion of hepatic veins that drain the liver with abdominal pain, ascites, hepatomegaly

budd-chiari

non-tropical sprue, gluten intolerance, inabaility to absorb due to loss of villi, causing damage to small intestine

celiac disease

inflammation of gallbladder and the #1 cause of gallstones

cholecystitis

gallstones

cholelithiasis

distal/terminal/regional ileitis or regional enteritis producing skip lesions or cobblestone appearance

chrons disease

right sided abdominal pain, severe diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss, malnutrition, dehydration

chrons disease

out pouching of the intestine affecting sigmoid and descending colon causing left sided abdominal pain

diverticula