STEP Patho Continued

What is dysplasia?

Disorganization of cells; cell varies from its normal size, shape, and organization

What is hyperplasia?

Increase in number of cells = increase tissue mass

What is metaplasia?

Cell changes from one type to another

What is anaplasia?

Poor differentiation; malignancy

What is neoplasia?

Abnormal new cell growth

What is grading in tumors?

Degree of differentiation in cells

What does TNM mean?

Tumor, node, metastasis

What is carcinoma?

Malignant tumor that affects epithelial tissues

What is sarcoma?

Fleshy growth that affects connective tissues

What is myeloma?

Plasma cells of bone marrow

What is the most common form and least dangerous skin cancer?

Basal cell carcinoma

Where does squamous cell carcinoma start?

Stratum spinosum

What is cellulitis?

Pus producing inflammation of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues

What can a reduction in the production of acid lead to?

Iron malabsorption, small bowel bacterial overgrowth, and vitamin B12 deficiency

What is a peptic ulcer?

Break in protective mucosal lining exposing submucosal areas to gastric secretions

What is Crohn’s disease?

Chronic, lifelong inflammatory disorder that can affect any segment of the intestinal tract

What is ulcerative colitis?

Chronic inflammatory disorder that affects the mucosa of the colon; usually involves the rectum and can lead to cancer

What is intussusception?

Prolapse of one segment into another

What is volvulus?

Torsion of a loop of intestine on mesentery

What is cirrhosis?

Chronic, progressive inflammation dealing with the liver. It is replaced with fibrosis and nodular regeneration

Role of alpha cells?

Increases blood glucose from liver

Function of beta cells?

Stimulates uptake of glucose in fat and muscle; stimulates liver to decrease blood glucose

If a patient has low blood sugar, how does the pancreas help?

Stimulates alpha cells to release glucose into the blood

If a patient has high blood glucose, what does the pancreas do?

Signals beta cells and releases insulin to take glucose from the blood

What is chronic kidney disease?

Decreased kidney function based on decreased glomerular filtration rate

What muscles are under autonomic control for the bladder?

Detrusor and internal sphincter

What muscles are under voluntary control for the bladder?

External sphincter

What is Wolff’s law?

Bone adapts to physical stress

What does the Salter-Harris classification refer to?

Epiphyseal fractures

What does SALTR mean?

Slipped above lower through/transverse rammed/ruined

What type of collagen makes up cartilage?

Type II

What are proteoglycans?

Bind growth factors, trap and hold water used to regulate matrix hydration

What is chondrolysis?

Rapid breakdown of articular cartilage associated with infection, trauma, and prolonged immobilization

What is cell senescence?

Nucleus loses ability to absorb water and thickens and becomes more fibrous

What does sprain mean?

Injury to ligament

What is a Jefferson fracture?

Burst fracture of C1

Cause of Jefferson fracture?

Axial compression that affects the anterior and posterior arches

What is spondylolysis?

Fracture in pars interarticularis

What is a type I odontoid fracture?

Avulsion fracture of alar ligament

What is a type II odontoid fracture?

Fracture at junction of dens and central axis of C2 body

What is a type III odontoid fracture?

Fracture extending into the body of C2

Cause of odontoid fracture?

Combination of flexion, extension, and rotation

What is spondylosis?

Degeneration of bones and IV disks

What is spondylolisthesis?

Where one vertebra slips over the vertebra below it

OA-AA instability/hypermobility is often associated with what other comorbidities?

Ehlers-Danlos, Marfan syndrome, Downs syndrome, and/or rheumatoid arthritis

MOI for whiplash?

Rapid hyperextension followed by rapid flexion

What is the masticatory muscle sling created by?

Masseter and medial pterygoid muscles

How does forward head posture affect the mandible?

Pulls it inferiorly and posteriorly

What nerve is associated with trigeminal neuralgia?

CN V2

What nerve is associated with Bell Palsy?

CN VII

Symptoms of Bell palsy?

Drooping of face and difficulty closing eye lid

What is a myofascial trigger point?

Hyperirritable spot in a taut band of skeletal muscle