BIOS 255 COMP Test with expert curated questions and answers-Chamberlain

Isomers

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.

Catabolism

Breaking polymers into monomers; releases energy.

Anabolism

Building monomers into polymers; requires energy.

Osmosis

Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Facilitated diffusion

Passive transport that uses membrane transport proteins and does not require ATP.

Active transport

Movement of substances against a concentration gradient using ATP.

Hypertonic solution

A solution that causes a cell to lose water and shrink.

Hypotonic solution

A solution that causes a cell to gain water and swell.

Isotonic solution

A solution with no net water movement into or out of the cell.

Epithelial tissue

Avascular tissue that covers surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands.

Polarity of epithelium

Epithelial tissue has an apical surface and a basal surface.

Connective tissue fibers

The three major fibers are collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers.

Chondroitin sulfate

A component of cartilage matrix/ground substance.

Stratum basale

The deepest layer of the epidermis.

Stratum corneum

The most superficial layer of the epidermis.

Merocrine glands

Sweat glands that produce watery sweat for thermoregulation.

Sebaceous glands

Glands that secrete sebum to lubricate skin and hair.

Apocrine glands

Glands found mainly in axillary and anogenital regions that produce a thicker secretion.

Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells.

Osteoclasts

Bone-resorbing cells.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue.

Diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone.

Epiphysis

The end of a long bone.

Metaphysis

The region between the diaphysis and epiphysis; contains the growth plate in growing bones.

Axial skeleton

Skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.

Appendicular skeleton

Limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles.

Synovial joint

A freely movable joint with a joint cavity and articular cartilage.

Sarcomere

The functional contractile unit of skeletal muscle.

Epimysium

Connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle.

Perimysium

Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle.

Endomysium

Connective tissue surrounding an individual muscle fiber.

Neuromuscular junction

The synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.

ACh at NMJ

Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction.

Troponin

The protein that binds calcium during muscle contraction.

Tropomyosin

A regulatory protein that blocks myosin-binding sites on actin when the muscle is relaxed.

Sliding filament theory

The mechanism of contraction in which actin filaments slide past myosin filaments to shorten the sarcomere.

Twitch

A brief contraction of muscle fibers in response to one action potential.

Incomplete tetanus

Repeated stimulation with partial relaxation between contractions.

Complete tetanus

Sustained contraction with no relaxation between stimuli.

Concentric contraction

A contraction in which the muscle shortens while producing force.

Eccentric contraction

A contraction in which the muscle lengthens while producing force.

Isometric contraction

A contraction in which tension develops without a change in muscle length.

Resting membrane potential

The polarized state of a cell membrane due to ion gradients and selective permeability.

Graded potential

A local potential that varies in size and can summate.

Action potential

An all-or-none electrical signal that propagates without decreasing in strength.

Phrenic nerve

The nerve that primarily innervates the diaphragm.

Sciatic nerve

A major nerve that innervates much of the lower limb.

Cerebrospinal fluid

Cushions the CNS and helps with nutrient delivery and waste removal.

Primary motor cortex

The brain region in the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary motor control.

Primary somatosensory cortex

The brain region in the parietal lobe responsible for receiving sensory input.

Sympathetic nervous system

The fight-or-flight division of the autonomic nervous system.

Parasympathetic nervous system

The rest-and-digest division of the autonomic nervous system.

Endocrine glands

Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Exocrine glands

Glands that secrete products into ducts or onto epithelial surfaces.

Hematocrit

The percentage of blood volume made up of red blood cells.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in bone marrow.

Albumin

The main plasma protein responsible for maintaining blood osmotic pressure.

Globulins

Plasma proteins involved in transport and immune functions.

Fibrinogen

A plasma protein important in blood clot formation.

Anemia

A condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced.

Pernicious anemia

Anemia caused by lack of intrinsic factor leading to poor vitamin B12 absorption.

Iron deficiency anemia

Anemia caused by inadequate iron for hemoglobin synthesis.

Thalassemia

Anemia caused by reduced or abnormal hemoglobin chain production.

Hemorrhagic anemia

Anemia caused by blood loss.

Hemolytic anemia

Anemia caused by red blood cell destruction.

Agglutination

Clumping of red blood cells caused by antigen-antibody reactions.

Type A blood

Blood type with A antigens on red blood cells and anti-B antibodies in plasma.

Type B blood

Blood type with B antigens on red blood cells and anti-A antibodies in plasma.

Type AB blood

Blood type with both A and B antigens and no anti-A or anti-B antibodies.

Type O blood

Blood type with no A or B antigens and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma.

Rh positive

Blood that has the Rh antigen present on red blood cells.

Rh negative

Blood that lacks the Rh antigen on red blood cells.

Universal donor

O negative.

Universal recipient

AB positive.

Neutrophils

The most abundant white blood cells; first responders that phagocytize bacteria.

Eosinophils

White blood cells involved in allergies and defense against parasitic worms.

Basophils

White blood cells that release histamine and heparin.

Lymphocytes

White blood cells including B cells, T cells, and NK cells involved in immune defense.

Monocytes

White blood cells that become macrophages in tissues.

B cells

Lymphocytes responsible for humoral immunity and antibody production.

T helper cells

CD4 positive cells that coordinate and activate other immune cells.

T cytotoxic cells

CD8 positive cells that kill infected or abnormal cells.

NK cells

Natural killer cells that destroy infected or cancerous cells without prior sensitization.

MHC I

Major histocompatibility complex class I found on all nucleated cells; presents to CD8 cells.

MHC II

Major histocompatibility complex class II found on antigen-presenting cells; presents to CD4 cells.

First line of defense

Skin and mucous membranes.

Innate immunity

Nonspecific defense present at birth.

Adaptive immunity

Specific defense with memory involving B and T lymphocytes.

Vaccination

Artificial stimulation of adaptive immunity that promotes memory cell formation.

Tunica intima

The innermost layer of a blood vessel.

Tunica media

The middle layer of a blood vessel made mainly of smooth muscle.

Tunica externa

The outer connective tissue layer of a blood vessel.

Blood hydrostatic pressure

Pressure that pushes fluid out of capillaries.

Blood colloid osmotic pressure

Pressure created mainly by plasma proteins that pulls fluid into capillaries.

Cardiac output

The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute; CO = HR x SV.

Stroke volume

The amount of blood pumped by a ventricle with each beat; SV = EDV - ESV.

End-diastolic volume

The amount of blood in a ventricle at the end of filling.

End-systolic volume

The amount of blood left in a ventricle after contraction.

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

Approximate average arterial pressure; MAP = DBP + 1/3 pulse pressure.

P wave

Atrial depolarization on the ECG.