College Bio - Chemistry of Life

Why are Triglycerides better for long term energy than Carbohydrates?

Triglycerides have more Carbon-Hydrogen bonds, meaning a higher energy yield

Why can people only digest certain polysaccharides?

The shape of the polysaccharide can block enzymes from reaching the glucose (if the shape is a big filled in square, the enzymes cant reach the middle area)

Because the subunits of glucose bond differently, this means…

they have a different structure, and therefore a different function

What is the chemical formula of maltose

C12,H22,O11

what cellular function of carbs and lipids are the same?

Energy storage

glucose is not…

a main source of energy for all rates of activity

What do carbs NOT contain

Nitrogen or Phosphorus

Glucose is a _______ and a monomer of _______

simple sugar, carbohydrates

Glycine is a __________ and a monomer of ____________

amino acid, protein

Why do glucose and fructose differ in metabolic pathway

the placement of the functional grounds alter the enzymatic interactions requried for breakdown

What is a monomer of Carbohydrates

Glucose/sugar

Explain this image

CHON: main elements in organic compounds

Organic compounds: carbon-based compounds

Protein, Carbs, DNA, Fats: all types of organic compounds found in living things

Note: Not ALL organic compounds always contain CHON. Carbon is the key element and different organic molecules contain different combinations of elements

define element

pure substance that cannot be broken down further

atomic theory

elements are made up of atoms

compound

pure substance of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio

subatomic particles

protons - positive

neutrons - neutral

electrons - negative

p+ and n0 are in the nucleus

e- in electron shells

atomic number

number of protons in the nucleus that determines the unique properties of that element

mass number

number of p+ and n0 in the nucleus

atomic mass

avg mass for all isotopes

groups of the periodic table

rows

columns with similar chemical properties

isotopes

atom of the same element with different neutrons

they have the same number of protons but different atomic masses

chemical bond

attraction between atoms

valence electrons

electrons found in orbits farthest from the nucleus of the atom

determines the way in which the atom will combine with other atoms and also determine its chemical properties

how to find valence electrons by atomic number

look to group number

for group 13-18, subtract 10 from the atomic number

the octet rule

atoms want 8 valence electrons and they will give or share valence electrons to meet that number (form covalent or ionic bonds)

how many electrons must be present to form a bond

two

covalent bonds

when two atoms share electrons to fill octet rule

ionic bonds

atoms that are held togther by an attraction between pos and neg ions

molecule

combination of elements connected by chemical bonds

compound

molecule that includes more than one element

molecular formula

formula showing number of atoms in each element

CHNOPS

molecular structure

formula showing how various atoms in molecule are bonded

isomers

organic molecules that have identical molecular formulas but different arrangement of atoms

electronegativity

chemical property, attraction of electrons toward itself

nonpolar covalent bonds

occurs when two atoms share bonds equally

Electronegativity: 0–0.4 = Nonpolar covalent

polar covalent bonds

occurs when electrons are not shared equally creating positive and negative charges

Electronegativety: 0.5–1.7 = Polar covalent

traits of water

polar molecule

polar covalent bonds that create pos and neg regions

universal solvent

polar dissolves polar, nonpolar dissolves nonpolar

hydrogen bonds

attraction between slightly negative and slightly positive ends of atoms (in DNA)

weak bonds represented by dotted lines

cohesion

attraction between water molecules

adhesion

attraction between water molecules and other molecules

surface tension

Attraction between water molecules creates strong surface tension

The molecules act together to support whatever is placed on the surface

Property of water and how it helps life

density and high heat capacity (water holds onto heat very well b/c of high specific heat)

Solid water is less dense than liquid water, allowing marine life to survive when ice coats the top of lakes or ponds during winter instead of freezing the entire body of water with the animals inside

pH scale

0-7 is acidic

8-14 is basic

each step is 10x weaker or stronger than the last (logarithmic scale)

Ions

An ion is an atom (or group of atoms) that has a charge because it has gained or lost electrons

organic molecules

a molecule that contains carbon and hydrogen but may also have NOPS

carbon…

has 4 valence electrons

creates covalent bonds with other elements CHONPS

carbon skeleton

straight carbon chain in an organic molecule

functional group

specific combination of bonded atoms that always reacts in the same way

R is the remainder of the molecule

dehydration synthesis

reaction that binds monomers together to form polymers

covalent bonds form between monomers

hydrolysis reaction

reaction that breaks down polymers into monomers

DNA to RNA

A - T/U

G-C

Carbohydrate traits

• use

• bond

• monomer

• polymer

• elements

• isomers

energy source for living organisms

bonds - glycosidic

monomer - monosaccharides C6H12O6

polymer - polysaccharides

elements - CHO

isomers - glucose, fructose, galactose

disaccharide

contains two monosaccharides

oligosaccharides

3-10 saccharides

Has glycoproteins and glycolipids

important for cell recognition

polysaccharides

• use

• shape

• plant version

• animal version

• bacteria version

• polymer

energy

long chains of monosaccharides

plants - glucose as starch

• cellulose

animals - glucose as glycogen

• chitin

bacteria - peptidoglycan

polymers differ due to functional groups

Lipids

• monomer

• elements

• bond

• hydrophobic or hydrophillic

monomer - fatty acid

elements CHO

bond, ester COC

hydrophobic

fatty acids

• shape/form

• Are the hydrocarbon tails polar or nonpolar

• What does it mean to have a saturated fatty acid

• unsaturated?

long hydrocarbon chain ending in -COOH - called a carboxyl group

nonpolar

saturated - no double bonds - butter

unsaturated - at least one double bond, bent

triglycerides

long term energy storage molecule

made of glycerol and three fatty acids

glycerol

3 carbon compound with 3-OH groups attached at each carbpon

phospholipids

• contains

• heads are polar or non polar

• heads are hydrophobic or hydrophilic

• tails are non polar or polar

• tails are hydrophobic or hydrophilic

glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group

heads are polar, hydrophilic

tails are nonpolar, hydrophobic

double membrane due to polarity

waxes

two fatty acids are connected to alcohol molecule

steroids

• shape

• function

• example

four carbon rings bonded together

different functional groups regulate what the function of steroid will be

cholesterol is an example of a steroid that is used in the plasma membrane

vitamins

• use

• which are water soluble

• which are not water soluble

essential for efficient metabolic processes

water soluble - b,c

fat soluble - a, d, e, k

proteins

• monomer

• polymer

• element

• bond

• function

• made of:

monomer - amino acids

polymer - polypeptide

elements - CHON

bond - peptide bond

function - workers of the cell

sequence of amino acids is important to shape of protein (20 kinds of aa)

Amino acid structure: central carbon atom of Protein with… (4)

amino group

carboxylic acid

hydrogen atom

r group

primary structure (1o) of proteins

linear sequence of amino acids

covalent bonds

secondary structure of proteins (2o)

protein will twist into coil called an alpha helix and beta pleated sheets

hydrogen bonds

tertiary structure (3o)

folding of the alphas helix and beta sheets, creates 3D proteins

hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, dipole-dipole interactions

quaternary structure (4o)

some proteins are made up of several polypeptides

denaturing

Proteins will unfold when heated or pH changes

This process breaks bonds between secondary and tertiary structures

Nucleic acids

• monomer

• polymer

• element

• function

• bond

monomers - nucleotides

polymers - nucleic acids

elements - CHONP

function - holds genetic info (in DNA, RNA)

bond - phosphodiester

nucleotides parts/subunits (3)

5 carbon sugar (pentose sugar)

phosphate group

nitrogenous base

nucleic acids

• purpose

• made of ATP and ADP; whats the difference?

hold genetic code in DNA & RNA

ATP: adenosine triphosphate

• three phosphate groups, energy currency of the cell

ADP (ATP after it releases energy): Adenosine diphosphate

• energy must be transferred back

^^^ATP and ADP are nucleotides, which are the building blocks related to nucleic acids.

ATP = charged battery 🔋

ADP = partially discharged battery

Energy from food = charger ⚡

• The last two phosphates are unstable bonds. When broken, last phosphate group is removed and usable energy is released for cellular work.

  
  

DNA runs

antiparallel

what is the monomer of protein

amino acids

what is the monomer of lipids

fatty acids and glycerol

what is the monomer of carbs

monosaccharides

what is the monomer of DNA/RNA

Nucleotides

what is a sucrose

CHON

what is a triglyceride

CHO

What is an insulin

CHONP

What is a DNA nucleotide

CHONS

describe the difference between a hypothesis and prediction

hypothesis - proposed explanation

prediction - specific outcome if hypothesis is correct

what are the 8 common characteristics of life

1. contain cells

2. use energy

3. grow and develop

4. reproduce

5. respond to stimuli

6. maintain homeostasis

7. contain genetic material

8. adapt and evolve

is this polar or nonpolar covalent? how do you know

nonpolar covalent - sharing of electrons equally

is this polar or nonpolar covalent? how do you know

polar covalent - electrons are not shared equally

what is an ionic bond

An ionic bond is a chemical bond formed when one atom gives electrons to another atom.

what type of bond is this

hydrogen bond

how can carbon form diverse structures

Because of its unique ability to bond with itself and with many other elements.

what is this?

DNA

what is this? how do you know

amino acid

what is this

nucleotide

what is this

Monosaccharide

what is this

Polysaccharide

what is this

steroid

what is this

triglyceride

what is this

protein

what is this

hydroxyl group

what is this

carboxyl group

what is this

amino group