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Old Regime
France before 1789, a socio-political system of pre revolutionary France, it was divided into 3 estates.
The Congress of Vienna
Meetings of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon. Wanted to bring back systems that would make it impossible for another powerful rule rlike Napoleon to happen again, as well as limit the spread of liberalism and nationalism. They intended to restore legitmate rulers to the throne (principle of legitmacy), redraw the political boundaries of Europe, and preserve the peace by surpressing ideals of the French Revolution.
Klemens von Metternich
Chief minster of Austria, a forceful and influential diplomat. He hated the French Revolution's ideal of quality, democratic government, and national states. A true reactionary, he directed the Congress of Vienna to bring back Old Regime settlements.
Reactionary
Reactionary political leaders want to "turn back the clock" and return to the old ways of government. After the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, Prince Metternich and his Congress of Vienna were seen as reactionary leaders because thet aimed to restore aspects of the Old Regime and return to how things were nefore the Revolution.
Status quo
A latin phrase meaning "the existing state of affairs". The goals for the Congress of Vienna were to settle the crticial issues arisen by the Napoleonic Wars and the French Revolution. The leaders wanted to expel republicanism and revolution, which threatened the status quo of Europe.
Conservatives
Conservatives aim to mainatin existing conditions relatively unchanged. As a whole, the Congress of Vienna's participants supported conservative ideologies, and wanted to maintain many of their empires and leave them untouched by revolutionary ideas. The participants wanted to conserve monarchy and deny democracy.
Hapsburgs
The Habsburg Monarchy was formally unified from 1804 to 1867 as the Austrian Empire and from 1867 to 1918 as the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It collapsed following defeat in the First World War.
Bourbon Line
Through the process of Legitmacy, the Bourbon line is reestablished from 1814 to 1830. During this time period, two kings from the dynasty ruled France, Louis XVIII and Charles X.
"When France sneezes..."
"...Europe catches a cold" said by Klemens von Metternich, regarding the revolutions of 1848
Revolutions of 1848
Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe during a time after the Congress of Vienna when conservative monarchs were trying to maintain their power. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed.
Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
War between Prussia and France. Bismarck wanted to unify the four southern German states and knew that wartime nationalism and fighting against a common enemy would lead to German unification. Ended in the Treaty of Frankfurt
Camilo Cavour
Becomes the prime minister of Sardinia-Piedmont in 1851, leads the new independence movement to unite Italy.
Italian unification
During 1848, Italy was separated into many states. Cavour worked to unify the North then helped Giuseppe Garibaldi unify the South staring with Sicily. Cavour realized that his biggest roadblock towards unification was the strength of the Austrain empire. To combat this, he paired with Napoleon III to gain support. On March 17th, 1861, the Italian Parliament declared Italy united.
Victor Emmauel II
King of unified Italy under a liberal constitution.
Otto van Bismarck
Appointed chief minister of Prussia in 1862, he comes from a dominating land owning Junker family. Bismarck's plan was to unite the German States through "blood and iron", or common bonds of nationalism and industrial and military power.
German unification
By the 18th century, the German people began to think of themselves as a distinct nationality. The Congress of Vienna consolidated the German states in 38 called the German Confederation. The Zollverein was a custom and tariff formed by Prussia in 1834. It said that there was to be no tariffs on goods trading to and from the German states with each other. There was economic unity before there was political unity. But, there was a difference in many German people, religion, economy. And Austia opposed the union. Supressed liberal and nationalistic ideas by censorship and strict supervision of education. Failed campaign for unity in 1848 with the Frankfurt Assembly. Leaders such as Bismarck, William I, King of Prussia, and General von Moltke led the cause for German unification. They created a strong Prussian military, eliminated Austria's influence through the Austro-Prussian War in 1866. The Franco-Prussian War unified the southern and northern states.
Dreyfus Affair
Jewish captain in French army, was falsely accused and convicted of treason. The Catholic Church sided with the anti-Semites against Dreyfus; after Dreyfus was declared innocent, the French gov. severed all ties between the state and the church.
Romanticism
A movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century through 19th century. Incorporates emotional excess, the free play of imagination and spirtual renewal through art, especially as represented by an enchantment and fascination with nature.
Louis Napoleon III
French president and emperor (1808-1873, r. 1848-1870) he came to power in the election of 1848 where he won decisively. He declared himself Emperor in 1851 and his rule was highlighted by the rebuilding of Paris and an aggressive foreign policy (as shown in Italy and Mexico). He was removed from power following the Franco-Prussian War; Napoleon III is the last monarch to rule France.
Emile Zola
Articulated realism through his novels such as Germinal about the difficult working condition of the coal miners, or Nana, a novel about the harsh life of prostitutes in Paris. Famous for seamy animalistic view of working class life.
Kulturkampf
Means war on civilization. This was Bismarck policy answer to the Roman Catholic Center Party that advocated for stronger states rights. Bismarck lost this political struggle. Bismarck's anticlerical campaign to expel Jesuits from Germany and break off relations with Vatican. Eventually, after little success, Bismarck halted these policies. Blamed Jews for his failure.
Socialism
A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production. In context of Germany under Bismarck, these were the urban workers who voted with the Social Democrats. They represented the worker's cause.
Carlsbad Decrees
In universities across the German confederation, students discussed and supported German unification. In 1819 Metternich instituted the decrees to stop movements calling for German unification. They were tyranncial laws enforcing censorship and arbitary arrest.
The Frankfurt Assembly
German liberals led a series of revolts in 1848 aimed at ending autocracy and a unified Germany. They prepared a democratic constitution, proclaimed a united Germany. After King William IV refused to acceot a position in their constitutional monarchy, Metternich sent troops to break up street riots. Without leadership, the movement failed.
Prussia
A former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland.
Blood and iron
Motto of Otto van Bismarck, to unite Germany through nationalism and industrial and military power
Junkers
Members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, a class formerly associated with political reaction and militarism.
The Zollverein
The name of the free trade zone that German states created prior to their unification. No tariffs on goods to and from the German states
Giuseppe Garibaldi
This man led an army called the Red Shirts to liberate and unify southern Italy.
Giuseppe Mazzini
Idealistic patriot devoted to the principle of united and republican Italy in a world of free states (1852-1870).
Kingdom of Naples
Located in Italy, south of the Papal states, it was virtually all of southern Italy and sometimes Sicily.
Sardinia-Piedmont
Northern Italy, led the unification process, only state that had a democratic constitution pre unification
Papal States
Central Italy, controlled by the Pope
Proletariat
Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production.
Scientific Socialism
The term Marx and Engels used to stress to that their ideology was based on an analysis of class conflict.
The Corn Laws
Laws that apply to any foreign crops brought into Britain with high taxes. They were repealed by the Prime Minister Robert Peel. One good thing that came from this was grains were less expensive for the Irish
Utopian Socialism
Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively.
Robert Owen
Welsh industrialist and social reformer who founded cooperative communities (1771-1858).
Charles Fourier
French social theorist-criticized capitalism-wanted socialist utopia and emancipation of women. Theory of Four Movements.
Realpolitik
Political realism or practical politics, especially policy based on power rather than on ideals.
The Hohenzollerns
This was the royal dynasty of electors in Prussia.
The Romanovs
Russian family that came to power in 1613 and ruled for three centuries.
New Imperialism
Europe's domination of large global areas, such as Asia and Africa. Industrial advances, political revolutions, and development of urban society will bring Europe to exploit the natural resources of the global areas. European conflicts will immeadiately spread to other parts of the globe. Occured in the 19th century, peaks in 1914 and concludes after WWII.
Colonial empire
A group of dependent nations that are under the rule of a single imperial power.
Scramble for Africa
Refers to the period between roughly 1884 and 1914, when the European colonisers partitioned the - up to that point - largely unexplored African continent into protectorates, colonies and 'free-trade areas'. Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts. Nationalism and industrial progress are the driving forces behind Europe's scramble for colonies.
Berlin Conference
1884 - Hoster by German Chancellor Bismarck, attended by all European nations owning colonies, nations agreed not to quarrel with each other when dividing up Africa. Agreed to the rules of colonization for Africa.
White Man's Burden
"Take up the White Man's Burden, send forth the best ye breed" Rudyard Kipling poem 1899. This becomes the mask that will hide the greed and exploitation that befalls the cultures of Africa and Asia. Originally, this what meant to modernize and educate the so-called "backwards" people of the world. Idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized.
Urban society
A system in which cities are the center of political, economic, and social life.
labor aristocracy
The highly skilled workers, such as factory foremen and construction bosses, who made up about 15 percent of the working classes from about 1850 to 1914.
Georges Hausmann
Commissioned by Napoleon III. Associated with the rebuilding of Paris. Made it "revolution-proof". Made it more sanitary and hospitable. Made the streets too broad for revolutionaries to be able to barricade them. New importance was given to trains, as well.
Electric streetcars
Were introduced in the 1890s. They were cheaper, faster, and cleaner than horse drawn carriages. Cars connected to cables that provided them with electricity, which they used to effectively transport people around the city. Invented by Julian Sprague, a former coworker of Edison.
Compromise of 1867
Transformed the Austrian Empire into the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary
Alexander II
(r. 1855-1881) Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated.
David Riccardo
(1772-1823)-English economist who formulated the "iron law of wages," according to which wages would always remain at the subsistence level for the workers because of population growth.
Autocracy, orthodoxy, nationality
Also known as Official Nationality, was the dominant imperialist ideological doctrine of Russian emperor Nicholas I. The doctrine sought imperial unity under Orthodox Christianity and the absolute authority of the emperor, while suppressing ideas deemed destructive to that unity.
Sergei Witte
A tough finance minister who thought that Russia's industrial backwardness was threatening Russia's power and greatness
Bloody Sunday
In 1905, 200,000 workers marched on the WInter Palace to demand reforms. The army fired into the crowd, killed many. Massacre leads to widespread unrest, Nicholas is forced to make reforms.
Extraterritoriality
Right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation.
Herbert Spencer
Applied Darwin's ideas to humans. Came up with Social Darwinism. English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies.
Louis Blanc
A Paris journalist, editor of Revue de Progres and author of Organization of Work. Proposed social workshops/state supported manufacturing centers as a way to deal with the problems of industrialization (recognized the developing hostility toward the owning class/bourgeoisie).
Emmeline Pankhurst
British suffragette and founder of the Women's Social and Political Union. Often used extreme tactics, such as hunger strikes in prison, spitting on policemen, and smashing windows. Valued "deeds not words".
Auguste Rodin
A French sculptor generally considered the founder of modern sculpture. He was schooled traditionally and took a craftsman-like approach to his work. Works include The Thinker, The Kiss
Boer War
British and Dutch settlers called Boers will battle for the control of South Africa. Concludes by 1899 and British have control by 1902.
Schleswig-Holstein
Bismarck formed an alliance with Austria to seize these colonies from Denmark.
Henry Bessmer
Englishman who developed the first efficient method for the mass production of steel.
Paris Commune
The revolutionary municipal council, led by radicals, that engaged in a civil war with the National Assembly of the newly established Third Republic. Declared Paris an independent state.
Louis Sullivan
A leading architect of skyscrapers in the late nineteenth century, stressed the need for building designs that followed function.
Edward Jenner
Developed a smallpox vaccine
Cabonari
In the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, secret organizations trying to change the type of ruler were known as this. During the liberal movementsm Fredinand I was the absolute monarch of the Kingdom
Impressionism to Post Impressionism
Artistic movement that began in France. Light, Color, and Immediacy were emphasized. It was one of the first "Modernist" movements. Reaction against Impressionism in the late 1880s. Most Post-Impressionists began as Impressionists who wanted to distance themselves to create a more personal and symbolic relationship with art. Rejected Impressionism concern with a natural rendering of light and color. Believed color could be independent from the scene and be used as an emotional and aesthetic way of telling meaning
Expressionism
Expressionism was an art movement, that originated in Germany during the early 1900s. Expressionism wanted to capture one's own perspective on the world based on emotion. Expressionist artists used vivid colors, exaggeration, and distortion to translate their emotions onto a canvas.
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