Modern World History Honors Midterm Review

What document initially stated Martin Luther’s displeasure and argument against indulgences?

The Ninety-Five Theses, written in 1517, criticized the sale of indulgences and called for reform in the Catholic Church.

What was one of the major complaints the leaders of Europe had against the Catholic Church?

The Church's corruption and the sale of indulgences.

What agreement allowed German Princes to choose either Lutheranism or Catholicism?

The Peace of Augsburg

The English ruler who founded the Church of England (Anglicanism) was

King Henry VIII.

What law gave the Monarch of England the right to be the head of the Church of England?

The Act of Supremacy.

The Protestant religion was spread to Scotland by the efforts of who?

John Knox, a Scottish reformer.

What did most religious groups in Europe experience to some degree during the time of the Reformation?

Persecution and conflict.

Group which met on and off for over 20 years with the purpose of reforming the Catholic Church and stopping the spread of Protestantism.

The Council of Trent.

Catholic court designed to root out heresy but often reverted to torture and secret testimonies to achieve its goals.

The Holy Inquisition

When society began to focus more on worldly issues rather than spiritual issues one could say that society is becoming more ___

secular

What city led the Renaissance and was referred to by some as “the school of Europe”

Florence, Italy

When an author uses the everyday language of their homeland, we say the author uses the ___

vernacular

A picture that uses slanting lines (a vanishing point) and objects of different sizes to give a feeling of depth was said to have ___

perspective

What is the best term for a person who sponsors or supports artists financially?

Patron

What country had a monopoly on the spice trade in Europe before the Age of Exploration?

Italy

Which European nation led the exploration of the African Coast?

Portugal

What did Vasco de Gama succeed in gaining for Portugal?

He find an Ocean Trade Route to India

The Treaty of Tordesillas established a boundary between which two regions?

Spain and Portugal’s land in modern day South America

What disease proved devastating to the Native American population in the New World?

Smallpox

What country came to dominate the Atlantic slave trade and then later outlawed it?

England

What economic system was based on the accumulation of wealth (gold and silver) and depended on favorable balance of trade?

Mercantilism

What country became a commercial center during the 1600’s and had a fleet of up to 10,000 ships?

Netherlands

What is the economic system based on private ownership and the investment of resources for profit?

Capitalism

What “events'“ from the Middle Ages exposed Europe to spices and luxury goods from Asia and the Middle East?

The Crusades

In the eyes of the Europeans one of the advantages to using Africans as slaves was ___

their durability

What created the “need'“ for slavery in the North and South American colonies?

High labor demands

How was Africa affected by the slave trade?

Lowered the population and started a “culture” of violence

The Thirty Years War pretty much ended what type of wars in Europe?

Religious Wars

What were the two religious alliances at the start of the thirty years war?

Catholics and Protestants

What weapons did the English employ that did more psychological harm than actual damage

Fire ships

What “style” of naval warfare did the English use?

Atlantic Warfare

What “style” of warfare were the Spanish accustomed to?

Galley Warfare

Who was defenestrated in Prague and landed in a pile of horse crap?

Religious and Political Leaders

What was greatly influenced by the ideals of the Enlightenment?

The U.S. Constitution

Montesquieu’s influence on the U.S. Constitution

Seperation of Powers

Two intellectual movements were brought together by the enlightenment

French and American Revolutions

Causes of the French Revolution included all of the following:

Rising prices of bread, incompetent leader, unbalance of social classes/estates, unfair taxes, royals spending money on wants, debts from funding the American Revolution, ect.

A political and symbolic act of revolution occurred where citizens of Paris stormed and captured

Storming of Bastille

The different social classes in France

First Estate (clergy), Second Estate (Nobles), Third Estate (Commoners)

Robespierre’s period of power

Reign of Terror

The French response to threats to the revolution

Establishing the Committee of Public Safety and killing anyone who goes against the revolution

The moderate governments of the French Revolution

National Assembly, Legislative Assembly, and Directory

___ was a holy Roman Emperor that was against Luther’s teachings

Charles V

What was the meeting that declared Luther a heretic?

Edict of Worms

Which pope declared Luther a heretic?

Leo X

The 3 Main Motivations for Exploration (3 G’s)

God, Gold, & Glory

Main Enlightenment Ideals

Liberty, Progress, Nature, Happiness, & Reason

3 Natural Laws according to the U.S. Constitution

Life, Liberty, Property/Pursuit of Happiness

Why did the Renaissance start in Northern Italy

Scholars fled Constantinople from ottoman empire, wealthy Italian merchants from spice trade could sponsor arts, Rome used to be in Italy, and urbanization of the cities allow for ideas t travel quickly

The role played by large merchant families in the Renaissance

They were very wealthy and basically ran the cities and could sponsor the arts because of their competition with other families

who wrote prince a guide to rulers

Machiavelli

Intellectual movement the focused on human potential and achievements

Humanism