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the enlightment
A period during which western
philosophy embraced the belief that unbiased reason
or the objective methods of science could reveal the
principles governing the universe. These principles
could be used for the betterment of humankind.
many thinkers in the enlightenment
were deist or atheist, and beliefs should be accepted only through reason and not religious tradition/dogmatism
what was the most important human attribute in the enlightment
rationality
the enlightenment was the age of
reason
enlightenment was supported by
by British empiricists like Hobbes, Locke, J.S.
Mill and French Sensationalists, and the Positivists.
some philosophers who disagreed with the enlightenment focused on …
searching for universal truths and focused rather on personal experiences and individual truths which aligned more with Sophism and Skepticism
who were the forces of criticism against the enlightenment movement
romanticism and existentialism
romanticism
The philosophy that stresses the uniqueness of each
person and that values irrationality much more than rationality
According to the romantic, people can and should
trust their own natural impulses as guides for living
romantics believed in
human emotions, intuitions, and instincts.
Best way to find out what humans are like is to study the
the total person, and not just human rationality or empirically determined ideas.
empiricists sensationalists and rationalists did not complete negate emotions t of f
true
who is the father or romanticism
jean jacques rousseau
rousseau emphasized what in contrast to reason as the important guiding force in human nature
feelings
“man is born free yet we see him everywhere in chains”
rousseau
the best guide for human conduct is according to Rousseau
a persons honest feelings and inclinations
for roussea, human are
basically good, born good but made bad by by societal institutions
noble savage
a human whose behavior was governed by feelings, but who would not be selfish
general will is what is according to rosseu
best within a community, should be distinguished from private will (selfishness)
rousseau suggested that educations should
create a situation in which a child’s natural
abilities and interests can be nurtured. emile
goethe viewed humans as
being torn by the stresses and conflicts of life.
according to goethe , life consisted of…
opposing forces.. love and hate, life and death, good and evil
goal of life is to embrace these forces rather than to deny or overcome them
according to goethe what should be the object of study
intact, meaningful psychological experience rather than meaningless isolated sensations
Goethe’s philosophy of life is an influence on
Nietzsche
who proposed a theroy of evolution before darwin
goethe
Goethe contended that sensory experiences could be studied
objectively by a form of
introspection
Goethe used a form of what is now called
behavioral therapy, used on his depressed theology students
Goethe’s writings influenced
Freud and Jung. (Opposing forces,
Conflicting forces) (Jung quotes Goethe’s Faust in one of his
writings)
Schopenhauer based his philosophy on
Kant’s
what did schopenhauer equate with Kant’s noumenal world (things in themselves in nature)
wit will- a blind force which cannot be known
In humans, this force manifests itself in the will to survive. This will to survive causes an unending cycle of needs and need satisfaction.
schopenhauer believed that behavior is
irrational
An unending series of pains due to unsatisfied need which causes us to act
to satisfy the need, followed by a brief experience of satisfaction
(pleasure) followed again by another need to be satisfied, and on it goes
schopenhauer felt intelligent beings suffers the most because of
awareness
“almost all our sufferings spring from having to do with other people”.
For the intelligent, solitude has two advantages according to Schopenhauer
• Can be alone with his or her own thoughts,
• Prevents needing to deal with intellectually inferior people.
why do people cling to life according to Schofeur
because they fear death, not because life is pleasant
what did schopenhauer do before freud
Wrote of positive and negative impulses, the unconscious, repression, and resistance before Freud.
existentialism
Stressed the meaning of human existence, freedom of choice, and the uniqueness of each individual.
what did the existentialist believ was the most important aspect of humans
their personal, subjective interpretations of life and the choices they make in light of those interpretations
what did the existentialism emphasize
Emphasized the importance of meaning in one’s life and one’s ability to freely choose that meaning.
what did existentialists believe was the most valid guide for human behavior
personal experience and feelings, like the romantics
who was the first modern existentialist
Kierkegaard
Why was kierkergaard a critic of organized religion
believed the most meaningful relationship with God was one that was personal and not dictated by the church.
truth is (according to kierkegaard)
always what a person believes privately and emotionally
Truth cannot be taught logically, truth must be experienced.
• Truth is subjectivity—your subjectivity (your truth)
who believes personal freedom occurs in stages
kierkegaard
aesthetic stage
• People are open to many types of experiences, and do not recognize their ability to choose. Most people are in this stage.
• Live on a hedonistic level.
ethical stage
People accept responsibility for making choices but use as their guide ethical principles established by others.
religious stage
• People recognize and accept their freedom and have a personal relationship with God. The nature of the relationship is personal. This is the highest
stage.
• People at this stage see possibilities in life that usually run contrary to convention, and tend to be nonconformists
Who proposed two aspects of human nature and what are they
Nietzche and they are Apollo and Dionysus
What is the Apollo aspect
(rationality; frueds secondary processes
desire for tranquility, predicitibility, and orderliness
what is the dionysian(barbaric) aspect
similar to id in frued
irrational side
attraction to creative chaos and topassionate dynamic experiences
what did nietzsche believe western philosophy had done
had emphasized the intellect
and minimized the human passions
• Result was lifeless rationalism
• Urged a fusion of the two aspects
Not a totally irrational, passionate life but a life of reasonable passion.
what was n’s his goal
helping individuals gain control of their powerful,
irrational impulses in order to live more creative, healthy lives. (Pre-
Freud)
what did n say about God
• Believed that because of human actions, we had, in essence, made God “dead.