Period 7 APUSH

Populist

Populist

Offically named the People's Party, but commonly known as the Populist Party, it was founded in 1891 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Wrote a platform for the 1892 election (running for president-James Weaver, vice president-James Field) in which they called for free coinage of silver and paper money; national income tax; direct election of senators; regulation of railroads; and other government reforms to help farmers. The part was split between South and West.

Gold standard act

Legislation that established gold as the only standard for redeeming paper money, maintaining a fixed exchange rate with other currencies.

William McKinley

A president that was the 25th President of the United States, serving from 1897 until his assassination in 1901. He led the country during the Spanish-American War and oversaw the annexation of Hawaii and the Philippines.

Marcus Hanna

The driving force behind McKinley's rise to the presidency, he was a former businessman who raised money and devised strategy for McKinley's winning bid for the White House in 1896.

William Jennings Bryan

A Democratic congressman from Nebraska who was an outspoken “free silver” advocate. His “Cross of Gold” speech at the Democratic convention in 1896 won him the party’s nomination. The Populists also backed him in a “fusion” ticket with the Democrats. Bryan’s eloquent advocacyfor free silver and farmers’ interests earned him millions of devoted followers, but never quite enough to win the presidency, for which he ran three times (1896, 1900, 1908). Later in life, as Secretary of State he led the resistance to American entry into World War I and in 1925, an ardent fundamentalist, he gained fame from some quarters—and great disdain from others—for joining the prosecution of high-school biology teacher John T. Scopes for teaching evolution.

Cross of Gold Speech

Famous 1896 speech by William Jennings Bryan advocating for bimetallism to help struggling farmers.

Mary Lease

Wichita lawyer and "fiery alliance orator" who prompted the formation of the National Women's Alliance (NWA. Because this is what I think of when I think of NWA). Significant because she symbolized the parallel relationship between public purpose advancement and that of most other disadvantaged groups.

Jacob Coxey

American politician who led "Coxey's Army," a protest march during the Panic of 1893 to demand federal work relief.

McKinley Tariff

Tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history. Theodore Roosevelt Specifically said not to mess with it. From the 1820's, the US missionaries always liked the Hawaiian Islands.

U.S.S Maine

American battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898, leading to the start of the Spanish-American War.

Teller Amendment

The act of Congress in 1898 that stated that when the United States had rid Cuba of Spanish misrule, Cuba would be granted its freedom.

Rough Riders

A volunteer cavalry unit led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish-American War. They played a key role in the Battle of San Juan Hill.

Anti-Imperialist League

Arose to oppose acquisition of the Philippines, and famous members included Andrew Carnegie, Mark Twain, and Samuel Glompers. Various reasons included believing it was morally wrong, some feared "polluting" the American race with the "inferior" Asian race, undercuts at work from cheap labor, etc. Fought against annexation and attracted a widespread following in the Northeast, that waged a vigorous campaign against ratification of the Paris Treaty.

Insular Cases

In these court cases, the Supreme Court decreed that the Constitution did not necessarily extend with full force to the new islands of the Philippines and Puerto Rico. It declared that Puerto Ricans and Filipinos might be subject to American rule, but they did not enjoy all American rights.

Platt Amendment

Barred Cuba from making treaties with other nations and gave the U.S. the right to interfere in Cuba to preserve independence. It also requires Cuba to permit America to have naval station in their territory. This basically leaves Cuba with only nominal political independence.

Open Door Policy

Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.

Hay Paunctefote Treaty

Diplomatic agreement of 1901 that permitted the United states to build and fortify a Central American canal alone, without British involvement.

Roosevelt Corollary

A corollary to the Monroe Doctrine that was articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt in his State of the Union Address in 1904 after the Venezuela Crisis of 1902-03. The corollary states that the United States will intervene in conflicts between European countries and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers, rather than having the Europeans press their claims directly. The Roosevelt was to be seen as an addition to the Monroe doctrine; but could also be seen as a departure. It stated that the U.S. had right to exercise military force in Latin American countries in order to keep European countries out.

Josiah Strong

Protestant clergyman and author of Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis (1885). He touted the superiority of Anglo-Saxon civilization and helped sum- mon Americans to spread their religion abroad.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

American naval officer and author whose book of 1890, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783, impressed a generation of imperialists around the world with its argument that control of the sea was the key to world dominance.

Liliuokalani

The last reigning queen of Hawaii, whose defense of native Hawaiian self-rule led to a revolt by white settlers and to her dethronement.

George Dewey

a United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War, U.S. naval commander who led the American attack on the Philippine

Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipino leader who fought first against Spain and then against the United States. He was a leader in the fight for Filipino independence. armed conflict between the Philippines and the United States from 1899-1902. It was a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence.

William Howard Taft

The corpulent civil governor of the Philippines under William McKinley. He went on to become twenty-seventh president of the United States in 1909.

Theodore Roosevelt

Rough Rider, was a cowboy-hero of the Cuban campaign who rode his popularity into the governorship of New York state and then into the vice-president’s office. He became president when McKinley was assassinated in 1901. He won reelection as a Republican in 1904 and then lost to Democrat Woodrow Wilson in 1912, when he tried for another term as the Progressive Party candida

Muckrakers

nickname given to young reporters of popular magazines. These magazines spent a lot of money on researching and digging up "muck," hence the name muckrakers. This name was given to them by Pres. Roosevelt- 1906. These investigative journalists were trying to make the public aware of problems that needed fixing.

Australian ballot

This secret ballot was likewise being introduced more widely in the states to counteract boss rule. Bribery was less feasible when bribes couldn't tell if the were getting their money's worth from the bribed.

Initiative/referendum recall

People have the right to propose a new law. Referendum: a law passed by the legislature can be reference to the people for approval/veto. Recall: the people can petition and vote to have an elected official removed from office. These all made elected officials more responsible and sensitive to the needs of the people, and part of the movement to make government more efficient and scientific.

Square deal

President Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program formed upon three basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection

Muller v Oregon

A 1908 Supreme Court case that upheld Oregon law limiting women's workday to ten hours, based on the need to protect women's health for motherhood. Muller complicated the earlier decisions in Lochner v. New York, laying out grounds on which stated could intervene to protect workers.

Pure Food and Drug act

Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Meat Inspection Act

Required strict cleanliness requirements for meat packers and created a program of federal meat inspection. It came about in 1906 as a result of president Roosevelt reading Upton Sinclair's The Jungle. Roosevelt appointed a commission of experts. To investigate the meat packing industry. Then the commission issued a report backing up Sinclair's account of the disgusting conditions in the industry.

Hetch Hetchy Valley

a spectacular, high walled valley, in the Yosemite National Park, and was popular with naturalists such as Muir and other Sierra Club members. But many residents of San Francisco worried about finding enough water to serve their growing population, and saw the valley as an ideal place for a reservoir

Interstate Commerce act

US federal law regulating railroad rates and practices, created the Interstate Commerce Commission to oversee interstate trade.

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson's program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, emphasized business competition and small government. It sought to reign in federal authority, release individual energy, and restore competition. It echoed many of the progressive social-justice objectives while pushing for a free economy rather than a planned one.

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice

Ida Tarbell

was a "Muckraker" who wrote in the magazine McClure's (1921). As a younger woman, in 1904, she made her reputation by publishing the history of the Standard Oil Company, the "Mother of Trusts."

Jacob Riis

A Muckraker, this man is famous for using photography to document the incredibly poor conditions of many impoverished communities in the early 20th century. Wrote "How the Other Half Lives".

Robert “fighting bob” lafollette

Governor of Wisconsin nicknamed " Fighting Bob" who was a progressive Republican leader. His "Wisconsin Idea" was the model for state progressive government. He used the "brain trust", a panel of experts, to help him create effective, efficient government. He was denied the nomination for the Republicans in favor of Theodore Roosevelt.

Florence Kelley

A tireless crusader for women’s and labor rights, she was Illinois’s first chief factory inspector and a leader of the National Consumer’s League, an organization dedi- cated to improving working conditions for women and children. Kelley also went on to help found the NAACP.

Gifford Pinchot

A friend of Theodore Roosevelt, he was the head of the federal Division of Forestry and a noted conservationist who wanted to protect, but also use, the nation’s natural resources, like forests and rivers. In 1922 he won election to the Pennsylvania governor’s mansion, on the Republican ticket.

John Muir

a Scottish-born American naturalist, author, and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States. His letters, essays, and books telling of his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevadamountains of California, have been read by millions. His activism helped to save the Yosemite Valley, Sequoia National Park and other wilderness areas.

Election of 1912

In this election, the Democrats nominated Woodrow Wilson, giving him a strong progressive platform called the "New Freedom" program. The Republicans were split between Taft and Roosevelt's Bull Moose Party with its "New Nationalism" program. By the division of the Republican Party, a Democratic victory was ensured. Woodrow Wilson won. The Republicans were thrust into a minority status in Congress for the next six years.

Federal reserve act

This was signed in 1913, and it was the most important piece of economic legislation between the Civil War and the New Deal. It created a Federal Reserve Board, which was appointed by the president to oversee a nationwide system of twelve regional reserve districts, each with its own central bank. The regional banks were bankers' banks, but there was still a substantial measure of public control. The board was also empowered to issue paper money, "Federal Reserve Notes," which were backed by commercial paper, such as promissory notes of businesspeople. Thus, the amount of money in circulation could be swiftly increased as needed.

Clayton antitrust act

This act lengthened the Sherman Act's list of business practices that were deemed objectionable, including price discrimination and interlocking directorates, and conferred long-overdue benefits on labor. It sought to exempt labor and agricultural organizations from antitrust prosecution, while explicitly legalizing strikes and peaceful picketing. This act was hailed as the "Magna Carta of Labor."

federal trade commission

This commission was created in 1914 to investigate industries engaged in interstate commerce. The commissioners were expected to crush monopoly at the source by rooting out unfair trade practices, including unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, and bribery.

atlanta compromise

A speech given by Booker T. Washington in 1895. Proposed that blacks and whites should agree to benefit from each other, economic gain to achieve equality in future, less radical

niagara movement

(1905) W.E.B. Du Bois and other young activists, who did not believe in accommodation, came together at Niagara Falls in 1905 to demand full black equality. Demanded that African Americans get right to vote in states where it had been taken away, segregation be abolished, and many discriminatory barriers be removed. Declared commitment for freedom of speech, brotherhood of all peoples, and respect for workingman

Great migration

The migration of African Americans from the rural South to the industrial North, which held promises of jobs, during and after World War I.

Sixteenth Amendment

This amendment permitted the institution of a graduated income tax.

Seventeenth Amendment

This amendment established the direct election of U.S. Senator

Eighteenth Amendment

This was the prohibition amendment that outlawed the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcohol in the U.S.

Nineteenth amendment

This amendment gave women the vote

Annexation of Hawaii

U.S. wanted Hawaii for business and so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the U.S. duty free, Queen Liliuokalani opposed so Sanford B. Dole overthrew her in 1893, William McKinley convinced Congress to annex Hawaii in 1898

Spanish American War

President McKinley gives the Spanish an ultimatum: end the concentration camps, accept an armistice, and accept American mediation (arbitration). The Spanish accept all of them except American mediation. The cause of the Spanish American War was humanitarian but the results were economic and imperialistic.

Philippine-American war

armed conflict between the Philippines and the United States from 1899-1902. It was a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence. The Philippines declared war on the US and it became a savage conflict with guerilla warfare. Villages were destroyed, civilians were murdered, and prisoners were tortured. The war ended when Aguinaldo surrendered in 1902.

Panama Canal

TR) , The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.

Dollar Diplomacy

Foriegn Policy idea by Taft to make countries dependant on the U.S. by heavily investing in their economies

Moral Diplomacy

Policy adopted by President Woodrow Wilson that rejected the approach of "dollar diplomacy". Rather than focusing mainly on economic ties with other nations, Wilson's policy was designed to bring right principles to the world, preserve peace, and extend to other peoples the blessings of democracy.

Allies

Coalition of nations that opposed the Central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy). This group consisted of France, Russia, and Great Britain. The United States joined them when they entered World War I in 1917. Emerged from the Triple Entente. Leaders included David Lloyd George (England), Raymond Poincare (France), Czar Nicholas II (Russia), and Woodrow Wilson (U.S.). Later joined by Italy.

Central powers

The alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. Opposed England, France, Russia, and the U.S. in World War I. Emerged from the Triple Alliance. Leaders included Kaiser Wilhelm II (Germany), Franz Joseph I (Austria-Hungary), and Vittorio Orlando (Italy, but switched to Allies later on).

14 points

Woodrow Wilson's proposal to ensure peace after World War I, calling for an end to secret treaties, widespread arms reduction, national self-determination, and a new league of nations.

Committee on Public Information

A government office during World War I known popularly as the Creel Committee for its Chairman George Creel, it was dedicated to winning everyday Americans' support for the war effort. It regularly distributed pro-war propaganda and sent out an army of "four-minute men" to rally crowds and deliver "patriotic pep".

Espionage Act

A law prohibiting interference with the draft and other acts of national "disloyalty." Together with the Sedition Act of 1918, which added penalties for abusing the government in writing, it created a climate that was unfriendly to civil liberties.

War industries board

reated in July 1917, controlled raw materials, production, prices, and labor relations ; intended to restore economic order and to make sure the United States was producing enough at home and abroad.

Industrial workers of the world

The IWW., also known as the "Wobblies," was a radical organization that sought to build "one big union" and advocated industrial sabotage in defense of that goal. At its peak in 1923, it could claim 100,000 members and could gain the support of 300,000. The IWW particularly appealed to migratory workers in agriculture and lumbering and to miners, all of whom suffered from horrific working conditions.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war. Sussex Pledge.

Zimmerman telegram

supposedly sent from Germany's foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmerman, to the German minister in Mexico City; Zimmerman urged Mexico to join the Central Powers and in return they would help Mexico get back the territory that US had acquired; this telegram caused US to enter WWI

Schenck v United States

A 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War I. Justice Holmes declared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils.

American expeditionary force

the first American ground troops to reach the European front. Commanded by Pershing, they began arriving in France in the summer of 1917. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. treaty between Russia and Germany that would end Russia's involvement in WWI in 1917, under General John J Pershing

treaty of versailles

was created to solve problems made by World War I. Germany was forced to accept the treaty. It was composed of only four of the original points made by President Woodrow Wilson. The treaty punished Germany and did nothing to stop the threat of future wars. It maintained the pre-war power structure.

Irreconcilables

A hard core of isolationist senators who bitterly opposed any sort of league; also called the "Battalion of Death"

Reservationists

Larger group of opposing senators headed by Henry Lodge that would accept the treaty if certain strict rules were made.

Herbert Hoover

A Quaker-humanitarian tapped to head the Food Administration during World War I. During the 1920s, he became the Secretary of Commerce, promoting economic modernization and responsible leadership by business to hold off further expansion of government power. Elected to the presidency in 1928 as a Republican, he soon faced the crisis of the Great Depression, which he tried to combat with the same voluntary efforts and restrained government action that had been his hall- mark over the previous decade. He lost the election of 1932 to Democrat Franklin Roosevelt, who advocated a more activist role for the federal government.

Alice Paul

suffragist, feminist and a women's right activist. She was also the main leader for the 1910s campaign for the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and organized the Silent Sentinels protest group. She served as the leader of the National Woman's Party for 50 years.

Henry Cabot Lodge

A prominent republican senator from Massachusetts, Lodge was chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and a persistent thorn in President Wilson’s internationalist side when he crusaded against the League of Nations.

First red scare

A period during the early 20th century during which Americans grew afraid of a Communist takeover, caused by the Russian Revolution. Radicals and foreigners were targeted

A.Mitchell Palmer

A zealous prosecutor and anti-red, he served as Attorney General during the post-World War I “red scare,” when thousands of foreign nationals were deported because of suspected subversive activities.

Al Capone

A notorious Chicago bootlegger and gang- ster during Prohibition, Capone evaded conviction for murder but served most of an eleven-year sentence for tax evasion.

Henry Ford

The “Father of the Traffic Jam,” developed the Model T Ford and pioneered its assembly-line production. As founder of the Ford Motor Company, he became one of the wealthiest men in the world.

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Charles Lindbergh

An American aviator who made history as the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic. An instant international hero, Lindbergh’s reputation was later tarnished by anti-Semitic views he voiced during World War II.

Langston Hughes

A leading poet of the Harlem Renaissance who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance in poems such as "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" and "My People"

Jazz Age

Term used to describe the image of the liberated, urbanized 1920s, with a flapper as the dominant symbol of that era. Many rural, fundamentalist Americans deeply resented the changes in American culture that occurred in the "Roaring Twenties."

Scopes Trial

Formally known as The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes and commonly referred to as the Scopes Monkey Trial, was an American legal case in July 1925 in which a substitute high school teacher, John T. Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which had made it unlawful to teach human evolution in any state-funded school. Scopes was found guilty and fined $100 ($1395 in 2017), but the verdict was overturned on a technicality.

Lost Generation

the self-exiled expatriates who lived and wrote in Paris between the wars. These writers, looking for freedom of thought and action, changed the face of modern writing. Realistic and rebellious, they wrote what they wanted and fought censorship for profanity and sexuality.

Harlem Renaissance

outburst of creative activity among African-Americans in all fields of art in the 1920s; began as discussions in Manhattan and turned into movement of African-American expression

Emergency Quota Act

newcomers from Europe were restricted at any year to a quota, which was set at 3% of the people of their nationality who lived in the U.S. in 1910.

National origins act

This act instituted admission quotas by using the 1890 census to determine the population of a particular nationality group; the government then only allowed 2 percent of that population into the nation.

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial

wo Italian immigrants convicted for a crime with very little evidence. Sacco and Vanzetti's guilty verdict reflected the anti-immigrant and anti-radical attitude of American citizens, being sentenced to death only because they were anarchists & of the italian origin. Worldwide protests happened as a result.

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights. Originally formed by six former Conferedate officers after the Civil War. essentially Greek for "Circle of Friends". The original Klan was disbanded in 1869, but was later resurrected by white supremacists in 1915.

Washington Conference

president harding invited delegates from europe and japan, and they agreed to limit production of war ships, to not attack each other's possessions, and to respect china's independence

Kellogg-Briand Treaty

Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another

Dawes Plan

Negotiated by Charles Dawes, it rescheduled German reparations payments and opened the way for further American private loans to Germay

Women Christian Temperance Movement

Women-led reform movement advocating for the prohibition of alcohol in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States.

Carrie Chapman Catt

Prominent suffragist and leader in the women's suffrage movement. She played a key role in securing the 19th Amendment, granting women the right to vote in the United States.