Anatomy and Phisiology - Introduction Unit

Anatomy

study of the structure of an organism

Phisiology

study of how that organism’s body functions

Skeletal System

Provides support and gives body protection and shape

Major organs: bones, ligaments, cartilage, and joints

Nervous System

Detects impulses from the senses (control center of body)

Major Organs: Brain, spinal cord, senses, and nerves

Circulatory System

Transports nutrients and gases around the body

Major Organs: Heart, blood, and blood vessels

Respiratory System

exchanges glasses (oxygen and CO2)

Major Organs: lungs, sinuses, and diaphragm

Digestive System

Breaks down and absorbs food

Major Organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, and gallbladder

Muscular System

Provides movement for all parts of body

Major Organs: skeletal and smooth muscles

Integumentary System

Protect the body, regulate temperature, and prevent water loss

Major Organs: skin, nails, and hair

Lymphatic System

Fights infection and provides fluid for cells

Major Organs: spleen, thymus gland, lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes

Excretory System

Removes waste from blood (e.g. urine and feces)

Major Organs: kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra

Endocrine System

Secrets hormones

Major Organs: glands

Reproductive System

Produces cells used in sexual reproduction

Major Organs: ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammory gland, testes, penis, prostate gland

Levels of Organization

1. Cell: smallest unit of all living things

2. Tissue: similar cells w/common function

3. Organ: made of 2 or more types of tissue

4. Organ System: group of organs working toward a common goal

5. Organism: highest level of structural organization

Functions of Life

1. Maintaining Boundaries (ex: skin absorbs and keeps water)

2. Movement - internal (ex: digestive contractions) and the ability to move through surroundings

3. Responsiveness - sensing and reacting to changes (ex: feeling pain when finger is cut)

4. Digestion

5. Metabolism - building larger molecules from small ones (anabolism) and breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones (catabolism)

6. Excretion

7. Reproduction

8. Growth

Survival Needs:

1. Nutrients (through digestion and metabolism)

2. Oxygen (heart and lungs)

3. Normal Body Temperature (skin, blood, and muscles)

4. Water (allows molecules to move throughout the body)

5. Normal Atmospheric pressure (gas exchange between lungs and environment)

Dorsol Body Cavity

Encloses the brain and spinal cord; protected by membranes called the meninges

Ventral Body Cavity

Protect the visceral organs; divided into 3 major divisions - thoracic (chest area), abdominal (abdomen area) and pelvic area

Muscular Tissue

movement of the skeleton; beating of the heart; movement of food through digestive system

Connective tissue

makes up bone, cartilage, and blood; connects organs together

Nervous tissue

conducts electrical impulses through brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Epithelial tissue

makes up skin, lining of internal pathways and glands

Nucleus

control center, contains genetic information (DNA)

Endoplasmic Reticulum

synthesizes proteins and ships them around the cell

Mitochondria

converts food into ATP

Golgi Apparatus

Transports materials around the cell in sacs called vesicles

Lysosomes

breaks down wastes

Centrioles

aid in cell division

Vacuoles

store nutrients and water

Characteristics of DNA

double helix; sides are made up of a sugar-phospate backbone (allows for base pairing)

Transcription

the process of converting the DNA code into an mRNA message

Translation

occurs when the mRNA strand leaves the cell’s nucleus and heads to the ribosome where proteins are made. Starting at the “start” codon, tRNA molecules bring in amino acids that match with the codons on the mRNA; these link together into polypeptide chain, which eventually folds into protein

Why does cell division occur?

when a cell grows too large, the process of bringing in nutrients and removing waste becomes inefficient. To prevent this cells divide on a regular cycle

Mitosis

a period of cell division in somatic (body) cells - divisions of the chromosomes then the cytoplasm; one parent cell makes two identical daughter cells

Meiosis

a period of cell division in sex cells (gametes); one parent cell makes four different/dissimilar daughter cells

Active transport

molecules move naturally from high concentration to low concentration (DOES NOT REQUIRE ENERGY)

Passive transport

molecules move from low concentration to high concentration (REQUIRES ENERGY)

Midsagittal

if someone sliced you from between your eyes and straight down

Frontal

If someone sliced you in half (back and front)

Transverse

If someone cut your top and bottom in half

Vertebral Major Organs

Spinal cord and meninges

Thoracic Major Organs

Lungs, heart, esophagus, major blood vessels, diaphragm, and thymus gland

Abdominal Major Organs

stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Cranial Major Organs

brain, meninges, penial gland, and pituitary gland

Pelvic Major Organs

urinary tract, ureters, rectum, digestive system, uterus, Fallopian tubes, and ovaries

Right Upper Quadrant

gallbladder, liver, pancreas, and right kidney

Left Upper Quadrant

stomach, spleen, pancreas, and left kidney

Right Lower Quadrant

appendix, ascending colon, and right ovary

Left Lower Quadrant

descending colon, sigmoid colon, and a horizontal line that interects the umbilicus