HUG AP Test

Mercator projection

PROS

Navigation - easy to plot

Centers Europe

Widely used for navigation until the 1960s

CONS

Increased distortion the further away from the equator you are

Northern hermisphere looks much bigger

Gall-peters / Peters projection

PROS

more accurately shows southern hemisphere as larger than the northern hemisphere

CONS

continents are elongated and shape is distorted

Robinson projection

PROS

More accurately shows the area near the poles

Used to show proportions of land to water

Distorts cardinal directions and distance

CONS

Extreme pole distortion

Not suitable for direction

Azimuthal

PROS

doesnt center any one continent

more globe like

distance from center is correct

poles are correct

CONS

hard to see distances between continents

topographic map

A map that shows the surface features of an area - shows elevation with contouring lines

Thematic maps

show a theme or topic

ExL san diego housing cost by zip code

Chloropleth map

Uses a graduation of color to show the trends of something

Ex: literacy rates would be darker in areas where lots of people can read but lighter where they can't

Dot density map

Uses dots to represent the amount of something

graduated symbol map

Symbols that change in size according to its value

Ex: Covid (the big map that was always on the news)

Cartogram

Use distortion to intentionally convey a trend

Ex: population

Isoline map

Use lines to connect places that are similar in quality of quantity

Ex: temperatures

Located charts

map of a place with an additional layer / theme on top

Ex: percent population

place

A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character. In geography, associated with a name, and unique cultural/historic traits

region

an area defined by one or more natural or cultural characteristics that set it apart from other areas; in human geography 3 different forms are recognizable

Toponym

The name given to a portion of Earth's surface

Ex: boston, Maine, Georgio

space

in human geography, the study of the distribution of human/physical characteristics across the surface of the Earth; one of main concepts

Diffusion

The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time; 2 main categories are studied in geography

relocation diffusion

The spread of a feature or trend through human movement of people from one place to another

Ex: I move to london and I show people how to play waterpolo

Contagious Diffusion

The distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person.

Hierarchical Diffusion

the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places

Ex: taylor swift culture

Stimulus Diffusion

The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected

ex: mcdonalds is global but the menu is different in the US compared to Thailand

scale of analysis

a scale that determines what is being studied based on the size of the area being examined

Ex: poverty can be studied at the local level, national level, and even global level

connection

Relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space

Distance Decay

The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.

space-time compression

The farther away something is, the less likely you are to interact with it

Ex: You're more likely to go to a store 5 minutes from your house than one 2 hours away.

space-time compression

GIS

A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.

GPS

A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.

remote sensing

The acquisition of data and images about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods.

map projection

a way of representing the spherical Earth on a flat surface

Gerardus Mercator

A Flemish cartographer (1512-1594) was one of the first to produce a world map that accurately helped with navigation, but greatly distorted Northern areas

distortion

a change in the shape, size, or position of a place when it is shown on a map

Geographic grid system

System which pinpoints location by using two coordinates (latitude and longitude) in order to accurately measure the position of any place on the surface of the Earth

cultural landscape

the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape

Formal Region (Uniform Region)

An area in which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics

Functional Region (Nodal Region)

An area organized around a node or focal point which serves up to a certain distance before no longer influencing

Vernacular region (or perceptual region)

an area that shares a common qualitative characteristic, it's only a region because people believe it's a region, and people may differ in their opinions about it

Spatial Association

The relationship between the distribution of one feature and the distribution of another feature; for example the presence of poverty in an large city and the data showing unemployment rates in that city

Transnational Corporation

A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located; often the driving forces of globalization and uniform landscapes

Uniform Landscape

the spatial expression of a popular custom in one location that will be similar to another

Hearth

The region from which innovative ideas originate

Sustainability

meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

environmental determinism

the cultural ecology viewpoint that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life including cultural development; commonly believed historically before Industrialization

Possibilism

The cultural ecology viewpoint that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.

map scale

small scale is less detail and birds eye view

large scale is more detail

space-time compression

describes the reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place due to increase in technology and connections among people -- closely connected to globalization

distance-decay

the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction between things -- the more they differ over time

reference map

Maps that show the absolute location of places and geographic features determined by a frame of reference, typically latitude and longitude

thematic map

A type of map that displays one or more variables-such as population, or income level-within a specific area.

human migration

the permanent movement of people from one place to another

Arithmetic Density (aka crude density)

the total number of people per unit of land

Pysiological Density

The number of people per unit area of arable land

agricultural density

total number of farmers per unit of arable land

subsistence agriculture

Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family

carrying capacity

Maximum population size an environment can sustain

demography

study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which shows the changing structure of human populations

most populated regions

east asia, south asia, southeast asia, europe

dependency ratio

the ratio of the number of people in a dependent age group (kids and elderly) to the number of people in an economically productive age group (15-65) x 100

demographics

the characteristics of a population with respect to age, race, and gender.

crude birth rate

number of births in a given year, per 1000 people in a given population

crude death rate

number of deaths in a given year, per 1000 people in a given population

3 factors that determine populations growth and decline

1. fertility

2. mortality

3. migration

total fertility rate

average number of children one woman in a given region will have in her childbearing years

rate of natural increase

difference between the cbr and the cdr of a defined group of people

formula: crude birth rate - crude death rate / 100 = % by which a population grows in a year

infant mortality rate

the annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age, compared to total live births

doubling time

number of years in which a population growing at a certain rate will double

urbanization

the growth and development of cities

immigrants v emmigrants

into vs exiting a place

neo-malthusian

theory related to the idea that population growth is unsustainable and that the future population can not be supported by earths resources

thomas malthus: theory that population will outpace food production

demographic transition model

a model that represents shifts in the growth of the worlds populations, based on population trends related to birth rate and death rate

Epidemiological Transition Model

A model that describes changes in fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and population age distribution, largely as the result of changes in causes of death

describes why these things are happening (diseases, age)

migration

the permanent or semi-permanent relocation of people from one place to another

intervening obstacles

barriers that hold migrants back from continuing to travel

intervening opportunity

one that causes migrants to voluntarily stop traveling

net migration

difference between the number of emigrants and immigrants in a location

dif between leaving and coming in

gravity model

a model that predicts the interaction between two or more places (derived from Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation) - Ex: New Mexico and NY v LA and NY --> new mexico larger population = bigger interaction between with NY than LA

intervening obstacle

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.

intervening opportunity

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that helps migration.

refugee

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

asylum seeker

An asylum seeker is a person who has left their country and is seeking protection from persecution and serious human rights violations in another country, but who hasn't yet been legally recognized as a refugee and is waiting to receive a decision on their asylum claim

internally displaced person

Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but is staying within borders

internal migration

Permanent movement within a particular country.

interregional migration

Permanent movement from one region of a country to another.

intraregional migration

Permanent movement within one region of a country.

international migration

Permanent movement from one country to another.

transnational migration

Transnational migration refers to people living in another country but maintaining ties back to the country they came from

transhumance

the seasonal movement of livestock (herding) between mountains and lowland pastures

chain migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

step migration

migrating in steps, aka moving from CA to WA to CO

guest worker (time contract worker)

a person with temporary permission to work in another country (maybe have special skill that was needed)

circular migration

when a migrant worker moves between their home and a host area on a temporary basis, often for employment

human trafficking

The illegal trade of human beings, a modern-day form of slavery, for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation, forced labor, or involuntary military combat.

skills gap

the difference between the skills required for a job and the skills that an employee or potential employee possesses

brain gain

when a country benefits from skills

brain drain

the loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries

relocation diffusion

the spread of cultural traits, ideas, or innovations through the physical movement of individuals or groups from one location to another ( like how overtime the language of spanish traveled elsewhere than its origin country)

remittances

money that migrants send back to family usually in cash

Political geography

The study of the ways in which the world is organized as a reflection of the power that different groups hold over territory

State

A politically organized independent territory with a government, defined borders, and a permanent population—in short a country

US is a state

Sovereignty

The right of a government to control and defend its territory and determine what happens within its borders

Nations

Cultural entities, meaning that they are made up of individuals who have forged a common identity through a shared language, religion, ethnicity, or heritage—often all four of these.