radi 108- all sets

what are the three primary functions of the digestive system

intake/digestion, absorption, elimination

what are the 7 parts of the alimentary canal

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, anus

what are accessory organs to the digestive system

salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

what secrete digestive enzymes to aid in digestion

salivary glands

what are the salivary glands (largest to smallest)

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

how much saliva is produced per day

1000-1500 ml

what produces large amounts of digestive juices

pancreas

what part of the pancreas produces hormones, insulin, and glycogen

endocrine

what part of the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes

exocrine

what produces bile which assists in the digestion of fats, largest solid organ, performs over 100 functions

liver

how much bile does the liver produce per day

1 quart

what stores and concentrates bile

gallbladder

what is the beginning of the alimentary canal and connects posteriorly with the pharynx

oral cavity

what are included in the oral cavity

teeth, palates, uvula, tongue

what is mastication

chewing

what is deglutition

swallowing

what is the involuntary contraction and relaxation of longitudinal and circular muscles throughout the digestive tract

peristalsis

what is about 5 in in length and is found posterior to the nasal cavity, mouth and larynx, connects with the esophagus, and has three parts

pharynx

what are the three parts of the pharynx

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

when swallowing, in order for food to enter the esophagus, what two important reactions must occur

soft palate closes off nasopharynx to prevent food from nose, epiglottis is depressed to cover the laryngeal opening

what is a muscular canal, about 10 in in length and ¾ in in diameter, extends from the laryngopharynx to the stomach, located posterior to the larynx and the trachea

esophagus

where are the two indentations of the esophagus

aortic arch, left primary bronchus

what is the short segment of esophagus after the diaphragm before connecting with the stomach

cardiac antrum

what is the opening between the esophagus and the stomach

cardiac oriface

what is the other name for the cardiac oriface

esophagogastric junction

what curvature of the stomach is associated with gastric canal

lesser

what curvature of the stomach is associated with gastric folds (rugae)

greater

what is located between the esophagus and the small intestine and serves as a reservoir for swallowed food

stomach

what are the three divisions of the stomach

fundus, body, pylorus

what part of the stomach is the superior portion, in erect position it is usually filled with air

fundus

what part of the stomach is the mid section, has folds called rugae

body

what part of the stomach is the distal portion, and has two parts

pylorus

what are the two parts of the pyloric portion of the stomach

pyloric antrum, pyloric canal

what is the area immediately surrounding the esophageal opening

cardia

what oriface connects the stomach to the small intestine

pyloric oriface

what part of the stomach is most posterior

fundus

what part of the stomach is anterior/inferior to the fundus

body

what part of the stomach is posterior/distal to the body

pylorus

what extends from the pyloric oriface of the stomach to the ileocecal valve, where it joins the large intestine

small intestine

what contains a series of finger-like projections called villi that help facilitate the process of digestion and absorption

small intestine

what is the first part of the small intestine, located in the RUQ

duodenum

what is the shortest, widest, and most fixed portion of the small bowel and is closely related to the head of the pancreas

duodenum

what is the romance of the abdomen

c-loop of duodenum and head of pancreas

what section of the duodenum includes the duodenal bulb and is a common site of ulcer disease

first, superior

what section of the duodenum is the longest segment, receives common bile and pancreatic ducts

second, descending

what is the name for the third section of the duodenum

horizontal

what section of the duodenum meets with the jejunum and termed the duodenojejunal flexure

fourth, ascending

what helps hold the ascending portion of the duodenum in place

ligament of treitz

what part of the small bowel is located primarily to the left of the midline in the LUQ and LLQ, makes up about 2/5 of small bowel

jejunum

what part of the small bowel is located primarily in the RUQ, RLQ, and LLQ, makes up approx 3/5 of small bowel

ileum

where does the terminal ileum join the large intestine at the ileocecal valve

RLQ

the diameter of the small bowel gets progressively smaller from duodenum to ileum (t/f)

true

where are villi located

ileum, jejunum

all radiographic procedures are similar by……

contrast medium, fluoroscopy, radiographic images

what is upper gi pt prep

npo 8 hours, no gum, smoking, not pregnant

what type of contrast media includes swallowed air, co2 gas crystals, and gas bubbles in stomach

radiolucent

what type of contrast media includes barium sulfate and water soluble iodinated type called gastroview or gastrographin

radiopaque

when should barium sulfate not be used

chance that mixture could escape into peritoneal cavity

what type of contrast is used for a single contrast exam

radiolucent or radiopaque

what is the ratio for thick barium

3-4:1

what is the ratio for thin barium

1:1

why would we use water soluble iodinated contrast media

chance of tear in bowel

what exam’s purpose is to study the form and function of the pharynx and esophagus

esophagram

what exam’s purpose is to study the form and function of the distal esophagus, stomach, and duodenum

upper gi

in terms of body habitus, where is the stomach located on a short and stout (hypersthenic) pt

up and out

in terms of body habitus, where is the stomach located on a tall and thin (asthenic) pt

down and in

the esophagus starts at the oral cavity and continues until around …….

t11-crest

what type of technique should you set if you use barium

high

what type of technique should you set if you use water soluble iodinated contrast

abdomen

when using barium, what position is the patient in if the fundus is filled with air

prone

when using barium, what position is the patient in if the fundus is filled with barium

supine

when using barium, what position is the patient in if the air rises into the fundus and the air-barium line is a straight line

erect

what begins in the RLQ near its connections with the small bowel, extends around the abdominal cavity and ends at the anus

large bowel

what are the four parts of the large bowel

cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal

what is located at the proximal end of the large bowel, a large pouch located inferior to the ileocecal valve, widest portion of the large bowel

cecum

what consists of four sections and two flexures

colon

what is the dilated portion of the rectum located anterior to the coccyx

rectal ampulla

the initial direction of the rectum closely follows the ___________ curve and then bends sharply ________ and ______ into the anal canal, presents 2 anteroposterior curves!

sacrococcygeal, anteriorly, inferiorly

what are the three differences between the large and small intestine

internal diameter, large has haustra, relative location

when using barium, what position is the patient in if the transverse and sigmoid colon are filled with air

supine

when using barium, what position is the patient in if the transverse and sigmoid colon are filled with barium

prone

what digestive functions does the small bowel perform

digestion, absorption, reabsorption

what digestive functions does the large bowel perform

elimination

what exam uses double contrast with a catheter placed through the nose and into the duodenojejunal flexure

enteroclysis

what exam uses single contrast to try to relieve a small bowel obstruction

intubation method

why would we not be able to use water soluble iodinated contrast

young, dehydrated, allergy

during an enteroclysis procedure, barium will be passed through a catheter at ______, air will be injected to distend the bowel

100ml/min

what type of procedure is where a nasogastric tube is passed into the prox jejunum, thin barium is injected with timed interval exposures, can be therapeutic (draw fluid out)

intubation

what is sims position

lay on left side, right leg flexed

what are the important steps of enema tip insertion

communicate, wear gloves, drain air, lubricate tip

the barium bag should be no higher than _____ above the table

24 in

what are the stages of insertion of an enema tip

initial- 1-1.5 in toward umbilicus, second- tip superior and anterior

what are the two options if a spasm occurs during enema tip insertion

lidocaine mixed in barium bag, glucagon in iv

if a pt has had a colonoscopy, how long should you wait to perform a barium enema

3 weeks

what special view demonstrates the rectum and the cr is though the level of trochanters

chassard-lapine

what is an artificial opening where the end of the intestine is brought to the skins surface

stoma

what are we looking for if we do a BE through a colostomy

proper healing, obstructions, leakage, reconnections

what is the order of scheduling for exams

noncontrast, nuc med, urinary, biliary, colon, esophagus, ugi, small bowel

what is the order of scheduling patients

elderly, diabetics, children, adults

fluoroscopy will produce a _______ image, and plain radiography is referred to as ______

dynamic/moving, static