Chemistry matter/thermo exam review

Flashcards for exam this Wednesday

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

Volume

The amount of space an object or substance occupies.

Mass

The amount of matter in an object, measured in grams or kilograms.

Density

The mass of a substance per unit volume (mass/volume).

Inertia

The tendency of an object to resist changes in its motion.

Viscosity

A measure of a fluid's resistance to flow.

Weight

The force of gravity acting on an object's mass.

Pressure

Force exerted per unit area on a surface.

Solution

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

Solute

The substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Solvent

The substance that dissolves the solute in a solution.

Solubility

The maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature and pressure.

Compound

A substance made of two or more different elements chemically bonded together.

Mixture

A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded.

Precipitate

A solid that forms from a solution during a chemical reaction.

Element

A pure substance made of only one type of atom.

Atom

The smallest unit of an element that retains the element’s properties.

Suspension

A heterogeneous mixture in which solid particles are dispersed in a liquid or gas but can settle out over time.

Dilute

A solution with a small amount of solute relative to solvent.

Concentrated

A solution with a large amount of solute relative to solvent.

Saturated

A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved at given conditions.

Unsaturated

A solution that can still dissolve more solute under given conditions.

Supersaturated

A solution that contains more solute than it would normally hold at that temperature.

Corrosive

A substance that can destroy or irreversibly damage other substances it comes in contact with.

Indicator

A substance that changes color in response to changes in pH or other chemical conditions.

Neutralization

A chemical reaction between an acid and a base that produces a salt and water.

Crystal

A solid with a regular, repeating arrangement of atoms or molecules.

Amorphous Solid

A solid without a long-range ordered crystal structure.

Heat

The transfer of thermal energy from a warmer object to a cooler one.

Work

The transfer of energy that occurs when a force is applied to an object causing it to move.

Temperature

A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.

Expansion

The increase in volume of a substance when its temperature increases.

Contraction

The decrease in volume of a substance when its temperature decreases.

Conduction

The transfer of heat through direct contact between particles.

Convection

The transfer of heat through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases).

Radiation

The transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves.

Exothermic

A process that releases heat energy to the surroundings.

Endothermic

A process that absorbs heat energy from the surroundings.

Boiling/Freezing Point of Water

The temperature at which water boils (100°C at 1 atm) or freezes (0°C at 1 atm).

Thermodynamics

The study of energy and its transformations.

Conservation of Energy

The principle stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Heat Capacity

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius.

Independent Variable

The variable that is changed or controlled in an experiment.

Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured or observed in response to changes in the independent variable.

Thermal Equilibrium

The state in which two objects in contact no longer exchange heat because they are at the same temperature.

Potential Energy

Stored energy due to an object’s position or arrangement.

Kinetic Energy

The energy of motion.