topography

topography

study of land surface features. pak divided in 6 major physical regions

Northern mountains

3 main ranges

1. Karakorum runs from SE to NW

2. Himalayas run from SE to NW

3. hindhu kush runs from NE TO SW

Karakorum

1. highest peak k2

2. avg height 6000m, 200km wide

3. covered w snow and glaciers

4. glacier: siachen

5. narrow valleys and sharp peaks

6. precipitation in form of snow mostly bcs of altitude

Himalayas

1) great Himalayas/centeal Himalayas

mostly lie in kashmir

avg height 6000m

heightest peak nanga parbat

longest river rupal

snow capped, steep sided w large glaciers

2) lesser Himalayas

located at south of great Himalayas

medium height is 1800-4500m

special intrest to tourist (hill stations like muree)

no glaciers

3) sub Himalayas/siwaliks

southermost mountain of Himalayas

low in altitude 600-1200m

located near attock

hindu kush

1. ang height 5000m

2. heightest peak tirch mir

3. shandur pass connects gilgit and chitral

4. lawri pass connects chitral to swat and peshawar valley

5. shangla pass connects swat valley to upper indus valley

6. bare/empty of vegetation due to hevay snow

importance of northern mountains

1. glaciers melt into water

2. historical passes connect pak w china and Afghanistan

3. there are trade routes (karakoram highway)

4. there is a lot of tourism bcs seneric beauty

5. there is a lot of raw materials/minerals, timber, fruits

6. mountain peaks provide protection to Pakistan against gold went

life of ppl and economy in northern mountains

1. Steve slopes, high pics of landscape, glacier restricts and limits human movement

2. little land available so small scale agriculture on terraced feild done

3. some hydro electric projects set up on rivers

4. tourism and summer lifestock is main source of income

western mountains

1. Waziristan hills (rich in minerals, no vegetation, tochi and gomal passes)

2. sulaiman ranges (takht e sulaiman highest peak, lime stone found)

3. koh e safed (highest peak sikram, khyber pass)

4. kirthar ranges(hub river, forms border bw sindh and Balochistan)

life of ppl and economy

1. rocky landscape= hurdle in development of infrastructure

2. range is bare of vegetation bcs dry climate, can only support nomadic way of lifestock

3. mineral deposits unexplored bcs poor road infrastructure

4. water issue as canal system cant be set up bcs of landscape

Balochistan plateau

1. dry, rocky, rugged land

2. coastal areas :makran

3. lifestyle: fishing, animal rearing, karez farming, lical traffic consists of camels and donkeys

4. importance: minerals, gawadar port, low

potwar plateo drainage and topography

1. The Potwar Plateau is drained mainly by the Soan River, which is the largest river of this area.

2. Several small streams join the Soan, forming a branching drainage pattern.

3. The rivers cut deep valleys and ravines in the soft rock, giving the area an uneven landscape.

4. Drainage is mostly towards the Indus River, as many streams eventually flow

into it.

potwar plateau/salt ranges

1. located northern punjab

2. features: badland topography, ravines, ridges, gully

3. river soan

economic activity and lifestyle

1. rich in minerals like limestone, rock salt, marble which provide raw material to industries like cement

2. rain-fed farming bcs ruggedt landscape doesnt allow canal irrigation

3. oil and gas feilds like attock oil refinery setup to refine oil from oilfields of potwar plateau

doab (4)

land bw 2 rivers

so called respectable businessesmen

1. sindh sagar doab= indus,jhelum

2. chaj doab= jhelum, chenab

3. rechno doab= chenab, ravi

4. bari doab= ravi, sutlej

active flood plain

floods every year, found in upper and lower indus plain, alluvial soil present, 2-3m above river level

old flood plain

less floods, higher than active dlood plain

5m above river level

both in upper and lower indus plain

alluvial bar/terrace

safest from floods, heightest height 7-12m

ganji bar, kirani bar (gora kala)

only in upper indus plain

scarp

slope which separates old flood plains from bars

deserts (3)

dry area w low precipitation

1. thal punjab

2. kharab Balochistan

3. thar has 3 parts cholistan in Punjab and nara,thar in sindh

topography of deserts

sandy sand not wet, windy bcs no forest open land, roughed area

problems w living in deserts

1. roughed area, no roads and so transport prob

2. little to no rain so dehydration and crops wont grow(food shortage and malnutrition

3. at night very cold

4. less population and underdeveloped govt doesn't focus there

upper indus plain topography (found in punjab)

1. fertile alluvial plain formed by deposition of silt from rivers

2. slightly uneven surface as rivers keep changing their path

3. contains doabs like bari doab

4. elevation higher in north and gradually slops downward towards the south

drainage of upper indus plain

it's rain by 5 rivers (Jhelum Chenab Ravi Sutlej beas) all flow into the Indus these rivers spread out into many small channels giving a branch like pattern, big network of canals for irrigation.

lower indus plain topography (sindh)

land is very flat and low lying, also made of river deposits but soil is less fertile because of salinity and flooding, near the Arabian it ends by spreading out and forming the Indus delta.

lower indus plain drainage

only indus rever flows here as tributaries join it earlier in Punjab, it breaks into distributeories before entering the Arabian Sea creating The Delta, poor drainage in many areas which causes water logging and salinity

characteristics of floodplains

1. fertile soil that is rich in nutrients

2. land is generally flat and wide

3. likely to be affected by flooding

floodplain uses

farming and grazing

causes of floods

1. heavy monsoon rain, more water gathers

2. glaceirs melt bcs of global farming

3. failure/breaking of dams/barrages

4. deforestation, trees stop water force

effects of flooding

negative

1. ppl can die from currnet

2. trade stops as no travel and parket products not made or sold

3. water gets contaminated and diseases

4. damage crops and agro based industries face damage

5. transport and telecommunication less

positive

1.alluvial soil

2. waster storage

3. fertile land

solutions of flooding

1. make dams to store water

2. make dams stronger

3. weather advance warnings to prepare ppl and prevent accidents

4. reforestation and afforestation