MISA Review

-saccharide

sugar

Active Transport

Movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration

Adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances (property of water)

aerobic cellular respiration

the process by which cells use oxygen to obtain usable energy from an energy source

Amino acid

Building blocks of protein

anaerobic cellular respiration

the process by which cells obtain energy from an energy source without using oxygen

Animal cell

does not have a cell wall or chloroplast and a small vacuole

Asexual

process of reproduction involving a single parent that results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

Bacteria

Domain of unicellular organisms, corresponds to the kingdom eubacteria

Bond

A strong force of attraction holding atoms together

Capillary action

Tendency of water to rise (like a trees roots)

Carbohydrate

A macromolecule made up of monosaccharides

Cell membrane

Barrier that surrounds ALL cells, regulates what enters/leaves it

Cell wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

Centrioles

An organelle that occurs in pairs and is involved in development of spindle fibers in cell division

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Cilia

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

circulatory system

the organs and tissues involved in circulating blood and lymph through the body

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance (a property of water)

Concentration

A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent

Control

In an experiment, the standard that is used for comparison or the group without the independent variable

Cytolysis

The rupturing of a cell due to excess internal pressure.

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid that surrounds all the cell's internal contents

dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule.

dependent variable

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

Development

the process of change that occurs during an organism's life to produce a more complex organism

Di-

two

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Digestive System

Breaks down food into smaller molecules. Absorbs these nutrients into the body.

Electrons

Negatively charged part of an atom

Endocrine System

Consists of glands that control many of the body's activities by producing hormones.

Endocytosis

the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole.

Equilibrium

A state of balance

Eukaryote

organism whose cells contain a nucleus

Excretory

the system that removes waste from your body and controls water balance

Exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

Facilitated Diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Fatty Acid

monomer of lipids

Feedback System

A response within a system that influences the continued activity or productivity of that system

Flagella

A slender structure that enables a bacteria to swim

Glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

Golgi Apparatus

Organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the ER for storage or to release it outside the cell

Growth

the process of increasing in physical size.

Homeostasis

Relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain

Hydrolysis

A chemical process that splits a molecule by adding water.

Hydrophillic

Attracted to water

Hydrophobic

Repels or doesn't mix with water

Hypertonic

Having higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid

Hypothesis

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

immune system

The cells and tissues that recognize and attack foreign substances in the body

Independent Variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

Inorganic

Does not contain carbon

integumentary system

Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail, protects from various kinds of damage

Isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

Lipid

macromolecule made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes

Lysosomes

An organelle that breaks things down to be reused by the rest of the cell

Metric

a standard of measurement

Mineral

A solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence.

Mitochondria

An organelle in which processes of energy production occur. The powerhouse of the cell

Mono-

one

Monomer

A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

Monosaccharides

monomers of carbohydrates

Multicellular

Having many cells

Muscular System

enables movement of the body and internal organs

Nervous System

the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

Neutron

Part of an atom with no charge

Nuclear membrane

controls what goes in and out of the nucleus

Nucleotide

monomer of nucleic acids

Nucleus

Organelle in eukaryotic cells, contains genetic material and controls what happens within the cell

Nucleus acid

Macromolecule made of nucleotides

Organelle

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

Organic

Contains carbon

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Passive Transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

Peptide

polymer of amino acids

Permeable

Able to be passed or soaked through

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells

phospholipid bilayer

A double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes.

Photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

Pinocytosis

process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment

Plant cell

Eukaryotic cell, not of an animal, has chloroplast and cell wall

Plasmolysis

Collapse of a walled cell's cytoplasm due to a lack of water

Polar

Molecule with partial charges. Mixes with water.

Poly-

many

Polymer

large compound formed from combinations of many monomers

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Prokaryote

unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus

Protein

A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.

Proton

Positively charged part of an atom

pseudopodia

A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding.

reproductive system

system of organs involved in producing offspring

respiratory system

Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide.

Ribosome

Organelle that Makes proteins

Rough ER

ER that is dotted with ribosomes

skeletal system

gives our bodies structure and protects major organs like the heart, lungs, and brain

Smooth ER

Organelle that makes hormones and lipids

Solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances