Copy of medieval period

Early Middle Ages

Period from 5th to 10th centuries marked by the preservation of knowledge after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

Dark Ages

A term used to describe the Early Middle Ages, focusing on the lack of cultural and scientific advancement.

Monasteries

Religious communities that became centers for preserving knowledge during the Middle Ages.

Euclid's Elements

A foundational text in geometry essential for mathematical development.

Archimedes

Ancient scholar known for his contributions to geometry, calculus, and mechanics.

Boethius

Roman scholar who translated and transmitted Greek mathematical knowledge to the Latin-speaking world.

Byzantine Empire

The Eastern Roman Empire that preserved and studied Greek mathematical texts during the Early Middle Ages.

Islamic Golden Age

Period from the 8th to 14th centuries where Islamic scholars translated and expanded upon mathematical works.

Al-Khwarizmi

A key figure in the Islamic world who introduced and developed algebra.

Omar Khayyam

A mathematician who made significant contributions to geometry and cubic equations classification.

High Middle Ages

Period from the 11th to 13th centuries marked by increased interaction with Islamic scholars.

Universities

Institutions established in Europe that contributed to the expansion of mathematical knowledge.

Quadrivium

The curriculum composed of math, astronomy, geometry, and music in medieval universities.

Liber Abaci

A book by Leonardo of Pisa that played a significant role in introducing Arabic numerals to Europe.

Fibonacci Sequence

A sequence of numbers where each number is the sum of the two preceding ones, introduced in the West by Leonardo of Pisa.

Late Medieval Ages

Period in the 14th and 15th centuries characterized by advancement in algebra and mathematics as a whole.

Jordanus de Nemore

Scholar who contributed to the advancement of mathematics notation and theory of numbers.

Printing Press

Invention that facilitated the widespread distribution of mathematical writings during the Renaissance.

Copernicus

Astronomer whose heliocentric theory required new mathematical techniques.

High Renaissance

The 16th century marked by significant advancements in algebra and the development of symbolic notation.

Francois Viete

Mathematician who introduced systematic algebraic notation in the 16th century.

Cubic Equations

Equations of degree three that were solved by mathematicians like Tartaglia and Cardano.

Trigonometric Tables

Tools that were developed for accurate astronomical calculations, contributed by Rheticus and Tycho Brahe.

Analytical Geometry

Mathematics that unifies algebra and geometry, developed by René Descartes and Pierre de Fermat.

Probability Theory

Field of mathematics examined through the correspondence between Fermat and Pascal.

Isaac Newton

Mathematician and physicist who contributed to calculus, particularly through his work on motion.

Fluxions

Newton's term for derivatives, representing rates of change in calculus.

Fluents

Newton's term for integrals, representing quantities that accumulate over time.

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

The theorem established by Newton that connects differentiation and integration.

Infinite Series

A mathematical tool developed by Newton that played a crucial role in calculus.

Binomial Theorem

A theorem generalized by Newton to include fractional and negative exponents.

Geometric Approach

The method used by Newton in calculus, avoiding modern notation for derivatives and integrals.

Algebra

Field of mathematics that saw significant advancements during the Renaissance.

Cubic and Quartic Equations

Mathematical problems whose solutions were major achievements in algebra during the 16th century.

Hagia Sophia

Famous architectural work designed with contributions from Isidore of Miletus, linked to the study of mathematics.

Arabic Numerals

Numerical symbols introduced to Europe by Fibonacci's work.

Mathematical Notation

The system used to symbolize mathematical concepts, which evolved during the late medieval period.

Scientific Revolution

Period following the Renaissance that saw significant advancements in science and mathematics.

Renaissance

Cultural movement that revived classical learning and innovated mathematical approaches.

Mathematics Notation

Symbols and signs used to represent mathematical concepts, significant in aiding complex calculations.

Calculus

Branch of mathematics developed primarily by Newton and Leibniz, focusing on change and motion.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Mathematician who independently developed calculus alongside Newton.

Notation Difference

The contrasting methods used by Newton and Leibniz to express calculus concepts.

Integrals

Concepts in calculus that describe the accumulation of quantities over time.

Derivatives

Concepts in calculus that describe rates of change.

Mathematical Advancements

Progress in various branches of mathematics seen through the influence of earlier scholars.