Flashcards mashup

What is another term for reproduction?

Continuity

What are gonads?

The principal reproductive organs in either males or females

What are gonads called in males or females?

M: Testes

F: Ovaries

What are the gonad’s two principal functions?

Producing gametes

Producing hormones

What are 3 other reproductive structures?

1. Ducts

2. Accessory glands

3. Supporting structures

A testicular lobule contains 1-3 tightly coiled _____

seminiferous tubules

What two cells are housed in the seminiferous tubules

Spermatogenic cells: Develop into spermatocytes

Sertoli cells: Nourish and phagocytize excess cytoplasm

Between the seminiferous tubules are ___ cells. They produce ___

Leydig, testosterone

What is spermatogenesis, and where does it occur?

The production of gametes in males

Occurs in the walls of seminiferous tubules of the testes

What 3 parts make up sperm cells?

1. Head: Contains genetic material

2. Acrosome: Over the head, has enzymes to break down the wall of an egg cell

3. Tail: Mitochondria wrapped around a middle piece for energy

What are the four male reproductive ducts?

1. Epididymis

2. Vas deferens

3. Ejaculatory duct

4. Urethra

The epididymis is the site of what?

Sperm maturation

The male urethra has 3 parts

1. Prostatic urethra

2. Membranous urethra

3. Spongy urethra

Male accessory glands make up what?

The bulk of sem.en

The ___ of seme.n vesicles make up ___% of the volume of seme.n

secretions, 60

Seminal vesicles contribute ___ and ___ to seme.n

Alkaline fluid, fructose

What does the prostate surround?

The prostatic urethra

The prostate contributes ___, ___, and ____. Secretions make up ___% of seme.n volume

citric acid, enzymes, antibiotic substance. 25

Bulbourethral glands secrete an ____ and ____, making up __-__% of seme.n volume

alkaline fluid, mucus, 1-5

What 5 structures are within the spermatic cord?

1. Vas deferens

2. Blood vessels

3. Lymphatic vessels

4. Nerves

5. Cremaster muscle

The ___ cord and ____ nerve pass through the ___ canal

Spermatic, ilioinguinal, inguinal

What 3 structures are found in the scrotum?

1. internal septum

2. Dartos muscle

3. Cremaster muscle

What does the internal septum do?

Divides the scrotum in 2 sides, each housing a testis

What does the dartos muscle do?

Consists of smooth muscle in the walls, causes the scrotum to become shriveled, reducing heat loss

What does the cremaster muscle do?

An internal band of skeletal muscle, pulls testes closer to the body, internal heat

T/F: Temperature of the testes are not regulated

False: They are regulated. Contracting and relaxing these muscles helps.

What 3 parts make up the penis?

Body

Glans penis

Root

What two muscles make up the body of the penis?

Corpora cavernosa: 2 dorsolateral cylinders

Corpus spongiosum: 1 midventral cylinder

An erection is caused by ____ fibers from the ____ portion of the spinal cord releasing nitric oxide

Parasympathetic, sacral

Ejaculation is centered in the ___ cord and uses the ___ division

lumbar, sympathetic

What are the ovaries’ two principal functions?

Producing gametes and hormones

What does the ovarian cortex consist of?

Ovarian follicles, which house oocytes in numerous development stages

What is oogenesis? And when does it begin?

Uses cell division (meiosis) to halve the genetic material of a mature ovum.

Begins in early fetal development

At ____, cell divisions ___ on a cyclical basis

Puberty, restart

What does the ovarian cycle represent?

The development of ova on a cyclical basis starting at puberty

What are the 3 parts of a standardized cycle?

Day 1-14: Follicular phase

Day 14: Ovulation

Day 14-28: Luteal phase

What are the two hormones of the female reproductive system, and where do they originate from?

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone). Both are from the anterior pituitary

What 3 hormones are produced by ovaries?

1. estrogens

2. progesterone

3. relaxin

What are the 4 ducts of the female reproductive system?

Two uterine/fallopian tubes

1 Uterus

1 Vagina

What are uterine tubes?

Lead from the ovaries and to the uterus

What are the 3 major portions of the uterine tubes?

1. Lateral infundibulum

2. Middle ampulla

3. Medial isthmus

What are fimbriae?

Fingerlike projections that sweep a released ovum into the infundibulum

What occurs in the ampulla?

Fertilization

The uterus is located superior to the ____ and anterior to the ____

urinary bladder, rectum

What are the 3 regions of the uterus?

Upper fundus

Middle body

Lower cervix

What are the 3 parts of the uterus’s walls?

1. Perimetrium: Forms broad ligament

2. Myometrium: Three layers of smooth muscle

3. Endometrium: Inner epithelial layer, vascular

The ____ is the site of ____, as well as ____

endometrium, implantation, gestation

The menstrual cycle reflects change in what?

The endometrium

How many phases are in the menstrual cycle?

1. Menstrual: Lasts 4-5 days

2. Proliferative : 6-14 days

3. Secretory: 15-28 days

How many days are standard for a female reproductive cycle?

28

The vagina is located posterior to the ____ and anterior to the _____

urethra, rectum

What is the hymen?

A thin fold of mucous membrane that partially closes the inferior end of the vaginal opening

What are the 5 parts of the external female genitals?

1. Mons pubis

2. Labia majora

3. Labia minora

4. Clitoris

5. Vestibule

What are the two openings in the vagina’s vestibule?

Vaginal orifice

Urethral orifice

What are the four vaginal accessory glands?

1. Greater vestibular glands

2. Paraurethral glands

3. Bulb of vestibule

4. Perineum

Each breast is located anterior to the ____ and ____, and is attached to them by a layer of ____

pectoralis major, serratus anterior, fascia

What is the nipple?

Contains a series of lactiferous ducts for milk

What is the areola?

The pigmented area around the nipple, contains modified sebaceous glands

The mammary glands are modified ____ glands

Sudoriferous

What are alveoli?

Milk-secreting glands

Where does fertilization occur?

The uterine tube

What is a zygote?

The result of sperm fusing with ovum

How long does the embryonic period last?

Fertilization through the 8th week of gestation

Where and when does implantation take place?

In the endometrium, 6-7 days after fertilization

What is ectopic pregnancy?

Implantation that happens anywhere but the endometrium

What are the 3 primary germ layers, and where are they located?

1. Endoderm: Epithelial lining of the GI tract, respiratory tract, etc

2. Mesoderm: Muscles, bones, etc

3. Ectoderm: Nervous system, epidermis of the skin

What are two parts of the placenta?

Maternal and fetal portion

What is the umbilical cord’s purpose?

Serves as a connection between the placenta and the fetus

What is the placenta’s purpose, and what does it produce?

Serves as a site of exchange between many substances in maternal and fetal blood

Hormones

The term ___ is used after the end of the ___ week of development

Fetus, 8th

What are some maternal changes that occur during pregnancy?

The uterus extends further up into the abdominal cavity

Intestines, liver, and stomach are pushed superiorly

Ureters and urinary bladder are compressed

Weight gain

Cardiovascular changes

Varicose veins

What is the technical name for birth?

Parturition

What hormone causes uterine contractions?

Oxytocin

What are the 3 stages of labor?

Dilation

Expulsion

Placental

What’s the difference between prolactin and oxytocin?

Prolactin stimulates milk synthesis and secretion

Oxytocin stimulate milk ejection

What is the urinary system’s principal function?

Regulation of the composition and volume of the ECF/extracellular fluid

What are 2 body fluids that are examples of ECF?

interstitial fluid, plasma

What do kidneys maintain the composition and volume of?

Blood plasma

T/F: Composition and volume of ECF varies consistently

False, it cannot vary much at all — without serious consequences to body cells

What are US’s 4 main functions?

Regulating the volume and composition of ECF

Producing EPO (erythropoietin)

Modifies calcifediol into calcitriol

Regulates blood pressure

What are the US’s principal organs?

2 kidneys

2 ureters

1 urinary bladder

1 urethra

Where are the kidneys and ureters located?

Retroperitoneal: Posterior to the peritoneal-lined structures, anterior to them in the abdomen

What 3 structures surround the kidneys?

Renal fascia, adipose capsule, and renal capsule

What is the hilum?

An indented portion on the kidney that faces medially

The kidneys consist of an outer ___ and an inner ____. The renal ____ consists of several renal _____

cortex, medulla, medulla, pyramids

Describe how papillary ducts travel

minor calyces → major calyces → renal pelvis → ureter

What is a nephron, and what are its 4 parts?

A nephron is a structure that filters blood

1. Bowman’s capsule: Surrounds a bed of capillaries known as a glomerulus.

   1. This capsule and capillaries make up the renal corpuscle

2. Proximal tubule: Leads from the capsule to the loop of henle

3. Collecting ducts: Lead to papillary ducts and minor calyces

Where do renal arteries and renal veins flow through the kidneys?

RA: Branch off the sides of the abdominal aorta, one leading into each kidney

RV: Leaves the hilum of each kidney and lead to the sides of the inferior vena cava

At rest, kidneys receive ~___-___% of the heart’s cardiac output

20-25%

Describe the blood supply to nephrons

An afferent (1st) arteriole leads to the glomerulus (bed of capillaries), and an efferent arteriole leads from the glomerulus to peritubular capillaries (the second bed of capillaries)

What are the 3 exchanges between blood and nephrons?

1. Filtration: A non-selective movement from the blood into the nephrons

2. Reabsorption: A highly-selective and variable movement from the nephrons back into the blood

3. Secretion: A highly-selective and variable movement from the blood into the nephrons

____ is non-selective and determines what’s moved based on the ____ of the substance. ___ ____ is its driving force.

Filtration, size, blood pressure

T/F: Plasma plus most plasma proteins can cross

False: Plasma minus most plasma proteins can cross from the blood into the mouth of the nephron

What is GFR, and what 2 things regulate it? And what are some examples?

GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate) is the amount of filtrate formed in both kidneys each minute

The nervous system, specifically the sympathetic division, triggers vasoconstriction

Hormones, such as ANP and angiotensin II.

Describe tubular reabsorption and some examples

The blood reabsorbs substances it wants back from filtration, making it selective for substances that the body needs.

These substances include water, glucose, or electrolytes like sodium or potassium

Describe tubular secretion and some examples

Blood secretes unwanted substances into the nephron, such as excess water and/or electrolytes, toxins, or pesticides.

Specific substances include ammonia, hydrogen ions, and potassium ions

____ help regulate what’s reabsorbed or secreted. Examples include ___, ___, and ____

Hormones, ADH, Aldosterone, and PTH

What 3 structures make up the urinary bladder’s walls?

Rugae, to allow expansion

Detrusor muscle, a middle muscularis consisting of 3 layers of smooth muscle

Adventitia, which makes up the outer layer

Describe the urinary bladder’s location in males and females

M&F: Posterior to the symphysis pubis

F: Anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus

M: Anterior to the rect.um

T/F: The volume of the bladder can change

True: 50 mL when empty, 700-800 mL when full