Nutrition - Chapter 11

True

True or false?

The weight loss industry is a multi billion dollar industry a year?

5-10%

What is the percentage of someone losing weight and being able to keep it off for a whole year?

BMI (Body Mass Index)

A commonly used measurement that is calculated using height and weight measurements and is more predictive of body fatness than weight alone.

1. Doesn’t take into account fat mass or fat distribution.

2. Can underestimate body fat in obese people and overestimate in muscular people.

What are the limitations of the BMI test?

20-30%

What is the optimal fat content for a female?

12-20%

What is the optimal fat content for a male?

1. Skin-fold Test

2. Underwater Weighing

3. BIA

4. DEXA Scan

What can be used for measuring body fat content?

Visceral Fat

Fat that is deposited in the abdominal cavity.

• Better predictor of disease than total fat mass.

Waist Circumference

Measurement around the natural waist, usually the narrowest point around the midsection.

• Simple way to measure abdominal obesity, which is a strong heal predictor.

1. 40

2. 35

Men with a waste circumference of (1) ____ inches and women (2) ____ inches, are predicted to face greater health diseases.

Positive

When in ______ energy balance, the excess nutrient energy will be stored or used to grow.

Negative

When in _______ energy balance, you aren’t consuming enough energy to meet your needs, so your body will need to use its stores to provide energy.

Estimated Energy Requirement

What does EER stand for?

EER

Energy intake estimation to preserve energy balance in healthy adults of a specific age, biological sex, weight, and height, and amount of physical activity.

METS

Stands for metabolic equivalents and is measured based on oxygen consumption.

It is based off of a white male, which is so different from everyone else.

Why is there a flaw with the EER system?

Maintenance

The EER is calculated based on weight _________.

TEE

Sum of energy used for basal metabolism; energy required for food digestion and absorption and energy extended during physical activity.

Total Energy Expenditure

What does TEE stand for?

Basal Metabolism

Metabolic pathways necessary to support and maintain basic body functions while at rest.

1. Breathing

2. Heartbeat

3. Liver

4. Kidney Function

What are some examples of basal metabolism?

BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate)

The amount of energy required by the body to conduct its basic functions over a certain period.

50 & 70

Between ___ & ___% of energy expended daily is conducted from conducting life’s basic processes.

The Liver

Which organ requires the most energy?

1. Body Size

2. Body Composition

3. Sex

4. Age

5. Nutritional Status

6. Genetics

What is BMR dependent on?

Higher

People with a large frame size have a higher or lower BMR?

More

Muscle tissue burns more or less calories than fat tissue even while at rest.

Less

Are women’s BMR higher or less than men’s?

Thermic Effect of Food

The energy required for all the enzymatic reactions that take place during food digestion an absorption of nutrients.

Hunger

An unpleasant sensation of feeling empty that is communicated to the brain by both mechanical and chemical signals.

Satiety

Sensation of feeling full and it also is determined by mechanical and chemical signals

The Hypothalamus

What contains distinct centers of neural circuits that regulate hunger and satiety.

When it is empty, it contracts.

Why does the stomach growl?

1. Irritability

2. Light Headedness

3. Fatigue

4. Headache

Signs of hunger:

Leptin

What hormone does fat tissue produce?

Communicates to the satiety center in the hypothalamus that the body is in positive energy balance.

What does the hormone leptin do?

Their body rejects the hormone.

What was interesting about leptin and obese people?

1. Depression

2. Low Self-esteem

3. Compulsive Disorders

4. Emotional Trauma

What few things are sometimes linked with increased food intake?

False

True or false?

Portion sizes have not increased dramatically over the years.

Set Point of Energy Balance

Meaning the brain senses body fatness and triggers changes in energy intake or expenditure to maintain body fatness within a target range.

the most calorie-dense

Cheapest food = __________

Sedentary Behavior

Activity where energy expenditure is no more than on-and-one-half times the amount of energy expended while at rest and includes sitting, reclining, or lying down while awake.

1. Escalators

2. Moving Walkways

3. Elevators

4. Cars

What are societal factors that influence the number of calories burnt per day?

Healthism

Idea that an individual’s health is entirely their responsibility and there is a moral responsibility to society to be productive and the only way to achieve this si to meet the society’s definition of healthy.

In the 2000s.

When was the “Health at Every Size” movment started?

Intuitive eating and reducing weight stigma and discrimination.

What does the Health at Every Size movement focus on?

When a person repeatedly gains weight then loses it, over and over.

What is weight-cycling?

1.4%

What percent of adults are underweight?

3.8%

What percent of children adolescents are underweight?

Nutritional Deficiencies

Being underweight is linked to ___________, especially iron-deficiency anemia.

Stunt Growth

In children, being underweight can ____________.

Inadequate Nutrition

What is the most common underlying cause of being underweight in America?

1. Cancer

2. Multiple Sclerosis

3. Tuberculosis

4. Eating Disorders

What are other causes besides inadequate nutrition that cause being underweight?

8 Million

• 7 Million Women

• 1 Million Men

Eating disorders that result in being underweight affect how many Americans?

Eating Disorders

Out of all the mental illnesses, ___________ have the highest rate of mortality.

Anorexia Nervosa

A psychiatric illness in which a person obsesses about their weight and about food that they eat.

Organ Malfunction

Anorexia results in extreme nutrient in adequacy and eventually _____________.

True

True or false?

Anorexia relatively rare.

Adolescence

Anorexia usually manifests during ________.

True

True or false?

• Anorexia has the highest rate of mortality of all mental illnesses.

Anorexia

The very first time a person starves him or herself, may trigger the onset of _______.

1. Economic Status

2. Genetic Disease

3. Pregnancy Complications

4. Abnormalities in the:

   1. Brain

   2. Endocrine System

   3. Immune System

What few things can contribute to anorexia?

False

• Suicide

True or false?

Nearly one in five deaths in people with anorexia end in natural death.

• Fear of being overweight.

• Extreme Dieting

• An unusual perception of body image.

• Depression

What are the primary signs of anorexia?

• All related to the caloric and nutrient deficiencies of the unbalanced diet.

• Excessive weight loss.

• A multitude of skin abnormalities.

• Diarrhea

• Cavities and tooth loss.

• Osteoporosis

• Liver, Kidney, and Heart Failure

What are the secondary sign and symptoms of anorexia?

False

True or false?

• There is a physical test that can be used to diagnose anorexia and distinguish it from other mental illnesses.

Elimating other mental illnesses, hormonal imbalances, and nervous system abnormalities.

What is the correct diagnosis for anorexia?

• Numerus Blood Tests

• Urine Tests

• X-rays

Elimating the other possibilities of anorexia involves…

True

True or false?

• Coexisting organ malfunction is also examined in anorexia diagnostics.

1. Family

2. Friends

3. Psychiatric Counselor

Treatment of mental illness involves not only the individual, but also the _____, _______, and _________________.

• To restore a healthy body weight.

• Significantly reduce the behaviors associated with causing the eating disorder.

What is the goals of treatment for anorexia?

False

True or false?

• Relapse to an unbalanced diet is low.

True

True or false?

• Many people do recover from anorexia, but most continue to have a lower-than-normal body weight for the rest of their lives.

Bulimia

A psychiatric illness that can have severe health consequences.

1. 0.5%

2. 0.1%

The NIMH reports that ___% of females and ___% of males will have bulimia at some point in their lifetime.

Eating large amount of food, followed by purging, which is accomplished by vomiting and with used of laxatives and diuretics.

Bulimia is characterized by episodes of…

1. Weight

2. Difficult

Unlike people with anorexia, those with bulimia often have a normal ______, making the disorder more ______ to detect and diagnose.

• Fear of being overweight.

• Extreme Dieting

• Bout of excessive exercise.

Bulimia is characterized by signs similar to anorexia, such as…

• Include Gastric Reflux

• Severe erosion of tooth enamel.

• Dehydration

• Electrolyte Imbalances

• Lacerations in the mouth from vomiting.

• Peptic Ulcers

What are secondary signs and symptoms of bulimia?

Esophageal Cancer

With bulimia…

• Repeated damage to the esophagus puts people with bulimia at an increased risk for ________________.

Yes

Is bulimia highly genetic?

• Depression

• Anxiety Disorders

What is bulimia linked to?

• Adolescent Girls

• Young Women

What group does bulimia most commonly occur in?

True

True or false?

• Black teenagers are 50% more likely than white teenagers to have bulimic behaviors.

Yes

Are black teenagers less likely to seek treatment thatn white teenagers in bulimia?

Antidepressant Medications

Treatment for bulimia involves…

Binge Eating Disorder

Similar to those who experience anorexia and bulimia, people who have this have lost control over their eating.

Overeat

Peole with binge eating disorder will periodically _______ to the extreme.

• Fasting

• Purging

• Compulsive Exercise

People with binge eating disorders…

• Their loss of control over eating is not followed by…

• Overweight

• Obese

People with binge eating disorders are often _________ or _______.

• Body Weight, such as…

  • Hypertension

  • Cardiovascular Disease

  • Type 2 Diabetes

Binge Eating Disorder

• Linked to having an abnormally high…

• Guilt

• Shame

• Depression

People with binge eating disorders often experience…

• Depression

• Anxiety Disorders

Binge eating disorder is commonly associated with _________ and _______ disorders.

1. Anorexia

2. Bulimia

According to the NIMH, binge eating disorder is more common than ______ and _______.

• 1.6%

• 0.8%

Binge Eating Disorder affects ___% of females, and ___% of males at some point in their lifetime.

• Antidepressant Medication

• Nutritional and Psychiatric Counseling

Treatment for binge eating disorder often involves…

Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder

What does ARFID stand for?

Selective Eating Disorder

What is ARFID previously known as?

Anorexia

What is ARFID similar to?

There is no body-image issue in ARFID.

What is different between ARFID and anorexia?