Organic Chem : Organic Familes

Functional Group

A group of atoms in a molecule that determines the molecules properties

Alcohols

Have a hydroxyl group (OH bonded to a hydrocarbon molecule)

Why is the end of an Alcohol that has the OH group polar?

Due to the electronegativity difference between the carbon and oxygen as well as between the oxygen and hydrogen

Primary Alcohol

OH group is bonded to the end of a hydrocarbon chain

Secondary Alcohol

OH group is bonded to a carbon atom that is attached to 2 other carbon atoms

Tertiary Alcohol

OH group is bonded to a carbon atom that is attached to 3 other carbon atoms

Alcohols have higher boiling points compared to alkanes due to the ____ that is present

Hydrogen bonding

____ parent chains are more soluble in water

Short

Larger hydrocarbons have a larger ___ section, and dissolve in non-polar substances

non-polar

Hydration

water reacts with an alkene or alkyne to produce an alcohol

Combustion

Produces carbon dioxide and water when in a complete version of the reaction

Dehydration

• Produces an alkene and water

• Removes a hydrogen and and hydroxyl group (OH) from the alcohol molecule

Ethers

• Have an alkyoxy functional group (r-o-r’)

• An oxygen atom bonded between to carbons

• Polar molecules due to c-o bond

• Are un reactive and are useful as solvents

Dehydration Reaction

• aka Condensation reaction

• Two alcohol molecules react to produce an ether and water

Thiols

• Have a Sulfhydryl group (-SH)

• Have strong odours - associated with skunk spray, sewage smell, and garlic smell

• Named like alcohols, but with the suffix “-thiol” instead of “-ol”

Aldehydes

• have a Carbonyl functional group ( a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom)

• Carbonyl is found at the end of the parent chain, and there will also be a hydrogen bonded to the carbon

Carbonyl groups result in a ___ bond and molecule, and have dipole-dipole intermolecular forces with other molecules

Polar

Controlled Oxidation

• A primary alcohol reacts with oxygen to produce an aldehyde and water

• “Controlled” means that the reactant is not completely oxidized

• The reactant oxygen atoms can be from the air or an oxidizing agent

Oxidizing Agent

Oxygen rich compounds such as:

• Potassium Dichromate K2Cr2O

• Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2

• Potassium Permanganate KMnO4

Hydrogenation of Aldehydes

• An Aldehyde reacts with Hydrogen to form a primary alcohol

• The reverse of the oxygenation of alcohols

• Occurs under high temperatures and pressures, and in the presence of a catalyst