3- Disorders of the Immune System

non-immune defense mechanisms

skin

conjunctiva

respiratory mucosa

GI tract

GU tract

immune defense of the eyes

washing and antibiotic activity of tears

skin immune defense

physical barrier

rapid shedding

respiratory tract immune defense

entrapment by mucus

rapid shedding

urogenital tract immune defense

flushing and acidity of urine

GI tract immune degense

destruction by gastric acid, bile, enzymes

primary lymphoid organs

thymus

bone marrow

components of the lymphatic system

lymph vessels

secondary lymphoid organs

secondary lymphoid organs

lymph nodes

tonsils

MALT

spleen

MALT stands for

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

where is MALT found

intestinal

bronchial

adenoids

tonsils

MALT in the intestines

Peyer's patches

characteristics of innate immunity

-present from birth

-can attack ANY non-self substance

-rapid

-broad

characteristics of adaptive immunity

-intercepts non-self substances

-learns

-programs

-SPECIFIC

antigen presenting cells

macrophages

dendritic cells

classes of lymphocytes

natural killer cells

B/T lymphocytes

lymphocytes of the innate immune system

NK cells

lymphocytes of the adaptive system

B and T lymphocytes

antibody secreting B-cell

plasma cell

most abundant antibody

IgG

mucosal and breast secretion antibody

IgA

largest, rapidly produced antibody

IgM

antibody found on B-cell membranes

IgD

IgD antibody function

activates clonal expansion

antibody found on mast cells

IgE

antibody associated with allergic reactions

IgE

antibodies involved in immediate response to antigen

IgM -> IgG

effector T cell

cytotoxic T- cells

CD8 T cells

cytotoxic T cells

helper T cell function

helps B and T cell immune response

types of T cells

cytotoxic

helper

suppressor/regulator

memory

which lymphocyte enables a rapid secondary immune response

memory T cells

Type I immune reaction

immediate hypersensitivity (B-cell)

Type II immune reaction

cytotoxic hypersensitivity (B cells)

type III immune reaction

immune complex hypersensitivity

type IV immune reaction

cellular or delayed hypersensitivity (T cell)

type of hypersensitivity response for allergies

Type I

the primary antibody type produced during an initial exposure to a new pathogen or antigen

IgM

which antibody is produced upon secondary exposure

IgG

HIV primarily targets _

CD4 helper T cells

immune reaction associated with autoimmunity

Type II

immune-complex

antibody + antigen

hypersensitivity reaction type associated with anaphylaxis

type I

lupus is associated with which immune response

type 3 immune-complex

an exaggerated immune response

allergy

allergy due to type I hypersensitivity that requires prior sensitization

atopy

the inciting non-self substance (antigen)

allergen

severe, acute, systemic atopic reaction,potentially fatal

anaphylaxis

atopy is mediated by which antibodies

IgE

in autoimmune disorders, _ become the immune target

self antigents

mechanisms of autoimmune disorders

imperfect B and T cell programing

hidden self antigen

molecular mimicry

imperfect B and T cell programming causes _

loss of tolerance to self -> autoimmune disorder

a molecule belonging to the body's own tissues that is normally shielded from the immune system and can trigger autoimmunity if exposed

hidden self antigen

antibodies attack healthy cells bearing antigens similar to the foreign antigen

molecular mimicry

rheumatoid arthritis hypersensitivity type

type IV

type 1 diabetes hypersensitivity type

type IV

butterfly rash is associated with

lupus

systemic autoimmune diseases (5)

lupus

rheumatic fever

rheumatoid arthritis

polyarterisis nodosa

systemic sclerosis

localized autoimmune diseases

MS

dermatoomyositis

myasthenia gravis

primary biliary cirrhosis

hashimoto thyroiditis

hemolytic anemia

a misfolded and insoluble abnormal protein

amyloid

most common amyloidosis

immunoglobulin light chain amyloidoisis

immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis is associated with _

myeloma

amyloidosis associated with chronic inflammatory diseases

reactive amyloidosis

transplant rejection is an _ phenomenon

immune

a temporary liquid tissue transplant

blood transfusion

universal donor blood type

Type O

universal recipient blood type

AB

list inherited immunodeficiencies

isolated IgA deficiency

common variable immunodeficiency

Di George syndrom

Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome

acquired immunodeficiencies

HIV/AIDS

leukemia

chemotherapy

AIDS risk groups

men who have sex with men

IV drug abusers

recipients of HIV infected transfusions

steps of HIV infection

1. HIV contributes RNA to CD4 cells

2. reverse synthesis of RNA to DNA

3. HIV DNA insertion to CD4 DNA

4. lymphocyte synthesizes HIV RNA

5. HIV virus buds from CD4 cell

6. death of CD4 cell

symptoms of acute HIV syndrome

sore throat

myalgia

fever

rash

type I hypersensitivity steps

1. Allergen activates B cells → produce IgE antibodies

2. IgE binds to mast cells → mast cell is now sensitized

3. Second exposure to the same allergen

4. Allergen cross-links IgE on the mast cell → mast-cell activation

5. Mast cell degranulates → releases histamine → allergic symptoms

antibodies associated with type II hypersensitivity

IgG or IgM

caused by B cell production of antibodies that react with antigens on

the surface membrane of cells, or with extracellular tis-

sue components

type II hypersensitivity (cytotoxic)

effects of type II hypersensitivity

inflammation

target cell death

interference with target cell function

an immune reaction of B cells in which free/soluble antigen and antibody combine to form an immune complex that deposits in tissue, damaging it and inciting an inflammatory reaction

type III hypersensitivity

steps of type IV hypersensitivity

1. antigen is captured by APC and presented to T cells

2. T cells react and produce cytotoxic T cells

3. cytotoxic T cells attack self-antigens instead