Science & Math Practice ATI NCLEX and ATI Prep

Which of the following is the appropriate threshold value for mammalian neurons? *

a. -40mV

b. -55mV

c. -70 mV

D. +30 mV

B. -55mV

In a certain plant, red flowers are dominant over white. A heterozygous red plant is crossed with a white plant. Expected phenotypes in the next generation?

a. 3 red: 1 white

b. 1 red: 3 white

c. 1 red: 1 white

d. All red

c. 1 red: 1 white

Which structure is present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A. Nucleus

b. Golgi apparatus

c. Cell membrane

d. Mitochondria

c. Cell membrane

Which event can lead to a tsunami?

A. Hurricanes

b. Earthquakes

c. Tornadoes

d. Droughts

b. Earthquakes

earthquakes= tsunami

Which organic molecules contain both an amine and a carboxyl group?

A. Triglyceride

b. Monosaccharides

c. Amino acids (proteins)

d. Steroids

c. Amino acids

Which immune signal released by one immune cell directly activates other immune cells?

A. Hemoglobin

b. Cytokines

c. Keratin

d. Melanin

b. Cytokines

cytokines are immune signal released by other immune cells

The line drawn across the center of a cell's circular profile best represents which measurement?

A. Radius

b. Circumference

c. Diameter

d. Area

C. Diameter

line drawn across cell's circular profile

Which property of water explains its ability to dissolve many substances?

A. Low specific heat

b. Nonpolarity

c. High density as ice

d. Polarity of water molecules

d. Polarity of water molecules

Which vessel carries oxygenated blood?

A. Pulmonary vein

b. Pulmonary artery

c. Superior vena cava

d. Coronary sinus

A. Pulmonary vein

oxygenated blood goes through pulmonary vein

Which ovarian structure secretes hormones that maintain the uterine lining early in pregnancy?

A. Graafian follicle

B. Corpus luteum

c. Primary oocyte

d. Cervix

b. Corpus luteum

To separate genomic DNA fragments by size, which lab method is most useful?

A. Centrifugation

b. Chromatography

C. Electrophoresis

d. Spectrophotometry

c. Electrophoresis

seperate DNA fragments by size

In a plant where fuzzy leaves (F) dominate smooth (f), which cross yields only smooth-leaf offspring?

A. FF x ff

b. Ff x ff

c. ff x ff

d. Ff x Ff

c. ff x ff

SMOOTH

Which physiological response is caused by antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A. Decreased water reabsorption in collecting ducts

b. Increased water reabsorption in collecting ducts

c. Increased glucose reabsorption in proximal tubule

d. Increased sodium secretion in distal tubule

b. Increased water reabsorption in collecting ducts

What is the atomic number of an atom with 12 protons and 12 neutrons?

A. 12

b. 24

c. 6

d. 144

a. 12

Which gland synthesizes (produces) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A. Anterior pituitary

b. Posterior pituitary

c. Adrenal cortex

d. Hypothalamus

d. Hypothalamus

gland synthesized by ADH

The process in which a mature ovarian follicle releases an egg is called:

B. Ovulation

Why is it important for new scientific findings to be published?

Other scientists can validate or disprove findings

Which substance donates H⁺ to buffer blood when pH rises (becomes more basic)?

A. Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

b. Carbonic acid (H2CO3)

C. Water (H2O)

d. Ammonia (NH3)

b. Carbonic acid (H2CO3)

Through which vessel does blood exit the glomerulus?

A. Afferent arteriole

b. Efferent arteriole

c. Loop of henle

d. Collecting duct

b. Efferent arteriole

What is the function of a totipotent cell?

A. Develops into any cell type (entire organism)

b. Develops into many but not all cell types

c. Only forms blood cells

d. Only forms placental cells

A. Develops into any cell type (entire organism)

Zygote and embroyonic cell

Which statement best supports the hypothesis that viruses can cause cancer?

A. Viruses always killed by antibiotics

b. Viral genomes contain genes that regulate cell division

c. Viral capsids are made of protein

d. Viruses are larger than bacteria

b. Viral genomes contain genes that regulate cell division

In a phase diagram, the point where solid, liquid, and gas coexist is the:

A. Critical point

b. Boiling point

c. Triple point

d. Freezing point

C. Triple point

Which microorganisms lack their own metabolic pathways and reproduce inside host cells?

A. Bacteria

b. Fungi

c. Viruses

d. Protozoa

c. Viruses

A DNA strand reads 5′-AGCTAGCGT-3′. What is the complementary strand?

A. 5' TCGATCGCA-3'

b. 3'- TCGATCGCA-5'

c. 3'- AGCTAGGT-5'

d. 5'- AGCTAGCGT- 3'

b. 3'- TCGATCGCA-5'

In a phase diagram, the temperature/pressure at which liquid and gas phases merge into a single phase is the:

A. Boiling point

b. Critical point

c. Triple point

d. Sublimation point

B. Critical point

In a plant where fuzzy leaves (F) dominate smooth (f), which cross yields only smooth-leaf offspring?

seperate DNA fragments by size

c. ff x ff

SMOOTH

Which physiological response is caused by antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A. Decreased water reabsorption in collecting ducts

b. Increased water reabsorption in collecting ducts

c. Increased glucose reabsorption in proximal tubule

d. Increased sodium in distal tubule

b. Increased water reabsorption in collecting ducts

What is the atomic number of an atom with 12 protons and 12 neutrons?

A. 12

b. 24

c. 6

d. 144

a. 12

What is the primary physiological function of erythrocytes in the human circulatory system?

A. Carry hormones to target tissues

B. Transport oxygen to body tissues

C. Initiate blood clotting

D. Buffer blood pH

B. Transport oxygen to body tissues

Which statement best supports the hypothesis that viruses can cause cancer?

A. Viruses are destroyed by antibiotics

B. Viral capsids are made of protein

C. Some viral genomes carry genes that regulate cell division

D. Viruses are larger than bacteria

C. Some viral genomes carry genes that regulate cell division

Which endocrine organ is directly involved in regulating milk production following childbirth?

A. Thyroid gland

B. Adrenal medulla

C. Pituitary gland

D. Pancreas

C. Pituitary gland

Which statement best describes the function of erythropoietin (EPO) in the human body?

A. Decreases iron absorption in the small intestine

B. Raises hemoglobin by stimulating RBC production

C. Breaks down old erythrocytes in the spleen

D. Inhibits bone marrow stem cells

B. Raises hemoglobin by stimulating RBC production

The vermiform appendix extends from which region of the large intestine?

A. Sigmoid colon

B. Cecum

C. Transverse colon

D. Rectum

B. Cecum

Which structure drains oxygen-depleted blood from the kidneys?

A. Renal artery

B. Renal vein

C. Ureter

D. Inferior mesenteric vein

B. Renal vein

Which feature distinguishes endocrine from exocrine glands?

A. Endocrine glands posses ducts, exocrine do not

B. Exocrine glands posses ducts, endocrine do not

C. Endocrine glands release products onto epithelial surfaces

D. Exocrine glands secrete hormones into blood

B. Exocrine glands posses ducts, endocrine do not

Which organ removes nitrogenous waste from the body?

A. Liver

B. Kidneys

C. Spleen

D. Gallbladder

B. Kidneys

Which action would most likely increase a reaction rate for a solid reactant?

A. Cooling the mixture

B. Lowering reactant concentration

C. Grinding the solid to a fine powder

D. Using a more dilute solvent

C. Grinding the solid to a fine powder

Increases surface area, giving more particles collisions and speeding up the reactaction.

Which atom is most likely to form a cation?

A. Oxygen (8)

B. Chlorine (17)

C. Potassium (19)

D. Neon (10)

C. Potassium (19)

Which skin cell transfers pigment granules to adjacent epidermal cells?

A. Keratinocyte

B. Melanocyte

C. Merkel cell

D. Langerhans cells

B. Melanocyte

The hip is an example of which type of synovial joint?

A. Hinge

B. Pivot

C. Ball-and-socket

D. Saddle

C. Ball-and-socket

Which observation demonstrates a chemical reaction involving water?

A. Water boils at 100C

B. Water freezes at 0C

C. Water produces gas when reacting with sodium metal

D. Water's surface tension forms droplets

C. Water produces gas when reacting with sodium metal

Which hormone primarily regulates blood calcium levels?

A. Insulin

B. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

C. Thyroxine (t4)

D. Aldosterone

B. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

What tissue lines the interior of the heart?

A. Pericardium

B. Myocardium

C. Endocardium

D. Epicardium

C. Endocardium

Which molecule contains the fewest covalent bonds?

A. Methane (CH4)

B. Nitrogen gas (N2)

C. Oxygen gas (O2)

D. Chlorine gas (Cl2)

D. Chlorine gas (Cl2)

1 single bond (1 covalent bond)

Which process moves most carbon dioxide from blood into the alveoli?

A. Active transport

B. Diffusion down a concentration gradient

C. Osmosis

D. Filtration by pressure

B. Diffusion down a concentration gradient

Which organelle is the primary site of intracellular digestion?

A. Ribosome

B. Lysosome

C. Golgi apparatus

D. Rough ER

B. Lysosome

Which cell type stimulates other immune cells to attack and destroy foreign agents?

A. B lymphocytes

B. Helper T cell

C. Neutrophil

D. Natural killer cell

B. Helper T cell

Which nucleotide base occurs only in RNA (and not in DNA)?

A. Thymine

B. Uracil

C. Cytosine

D. Guanine

B. Uracil

Lemon juice prevents cut apples from browning mainly because it...

A. Removes oxygen from the air

B. Lower pH and inactivates the enzyme

C. Adds water to dilute substrates

D. Supplies extra substrate for the enzyme

B. Lower pH and inactivates the enzyme

Which property of water explains why coastal areas have smaller daily temperature swings?

A. Low density as ice

B. High surface tension

C. High specific heat capacity

D. High vapor pressure

C. High specific heat capacity

Which organelle is primarily responsible for making ATP?

A. Nucleus

B. Mitochondrion

C. Smooth ER

D. Centriole

B. Mitochondrion

Power house of the cell!!

Using pH = −log[H⁺], a solution with [H⁺] = 10⁻⁹ M has a pH of...

A. 3

B. 5

C. 7

D. 9

D. 9

What is the term for the sequence of nucleotides that contains the information to make a specific protein?

A. Gene

B. Ribosome

C. Chromosome

D. Codon

A. Gene

—Osteoporosis most directly results from which imbalance?

A. Increased osteoblast activity vs osteoclast activity

B. Decreased osteoblast activity relative to osteoclast activity

C. Equal osteoblast and osteoclast activity

D. Increased osteocyte activity

B. Decreased osteoblast activity relative to osteoclast activity

A myocardial infarction primarily involves occlusion of which vessel class?

A. Pulmonary veins

B. Coronary arteries

C. Azygos veins

D. Hepatic portal vein

B. Coronary arteries

Which neuron releases a neurotransmitter that directly stimulates a skeletal muscle to contract?

A. Interneuron

B. Sensory neuron

C. Motor neuron

D. Parasympathetic preganglionic neuron

C. Motor neuron

Which glandular secretion is excreted in sweat following amino-acid breakdown (detoxifying ammonia)?

A. Uric acid

B. Bicarbonate

C. Urea

D. Creatine

C. Urea

A researcher records daily readings from 500 patients for 6 months to observe trends over time. Which graph best?

A. Pie chart

B. Scatter plot with best-fit line

C. Line graph

D. Histogram

C. Line graph

Carbon-12 has an atomic number of 6. Which is true?

A. 6 protons, 12 neurons

B. 12 protons, 6 neurons

C. 6 protons, 6 neurons

D. 12 protons, 12 neurons

C. 6 protons, 6 neurons

—A concave meniscus of water in glass occurs because:

A. Cohesive forces > adhesive forces

B. Adhesive forces > cohesive forces

C. Water density is high

D. Water is non polar

B. Adhesive forces > cohesive forces

In an experiment on plant growth under different light colors, the independent variable is:

A. Soil type

B. Water volume

C. Waveength (color of light)

D. Plant mass

C. Waveength (color of light)

Which statement about water as a solvent is correct?

A. Dissolves nonpolar molecules best

B. Dissolves ionic and polar solutes well

C. Cannot dissolve salts

D. Solvent action is due to low specific heat

B. Dissolves ionic and polar solutes well

Lifelong protection after chickenpox is mainly due to:

A. Passive immunity

B. Innate immunity

C. Active immunity

D. Herd immunity

C. Active immunity

Which is an example of active transport?

A. Diffusion of O2 into blood

B. Osmosis through aquaporins

C.Na+/ K+ movement against gradient via pumps

D. CO2 diffusion into alveoli

C.Na+/ K+ movement against gradient via pumps

The body cavity subdivided into thoracic and abdominopelvic is the:

A. Dorsal cavity

B. Cranial cavity

C. Ventral cavity

D. Spinal cavity

C. Ventral cavity

A heritable (transmissible) mutation must occur in which cells?

A. Somatic skin cells

B. Neurons

C. Ovarian/ testicular germ cells

D. Hepatocytes

C. Ovarian/ testicular germ cells

Which pancreatic enzyme digests starch into disaccharides?

A. Pepsin

B. Lipase

C. Amylase

D. Trypsin

C. Amylase

A cell in a hypertonic solution will

A. Gain water overall

B. Lose water overall

C. Have no net water movement

D. Lyse due to swelling

B. Lose water overall

Dissolving K₂CO₃ in water produces K⁺ and CO₃²⁻. The correct salt formula is:

A. KCo3

B. K2Co3

C. K3Co3

D. K2 (CO3)2

B. K2Co3

Neuronal repolarization is primarily caused by:

A. Na+ channels opening

B. K+ channels opening (K+ leaves cell)

C. Ca 2+ influx

D. Cl- influx

B. K+ channels opening (K+ leaves cell)

Which vessel returns blood from the upper body to the right atrium?

A. Superior vena cava

B. Pulmonary vein

C. Inferior vena cava

D. Coronary sinus

A. Superior Vena Cava

An arctic fox turns brown in summer and white in winter. Which is true?

A. Genotype and phenotype both change

B. Phenotypes changes; genotypes does not

C. Genotype changes; phenotype does not

D. Neither genotype nor phenotype changes

B. Phenotypes changes; genotypes does not

Permanent damage to which tissue in the spinal cord can cause paralysis?

A. Epithelial tissue

B. Nervous tissue

C. Muscular tissue

D. Connective tissue (bone)

B. Nervous tissue

Sarcomere shortening is due to interaction between:

A. Troponin & tropomyosin

B. Actin & myosin

C. Keratin & myosin

D. Elastin & actin

B. Actin & myosin

Which term means removal of metabolic waste from the body?

A. Secretion

B. Filtration

C. Excretion

D. Absorption

C. Excretion

Which sequence correctly traces a drop of blood out and back (simplified)?

A. RA > RV> pulmonary artery > lungs > pulmonary vein > LA > LV > aorta

B. LA > LV > pulmonary artery > lungs > pulmonary veins > RA > RV

C. RA > LV > pulmonary vein > lungs > pulmonary artery > LA > Rv

D. RV > RA> lungs > pulmonary vein > LV> LA> aorta

A. RA > RV> pulmonary artery > lungs > pulmonary vein > LA > LV > aorta

A vasectomy (cutting vas deferens) causes infertility because it prevents:

A. Sperm formation in the testis

B. Sperm maturation in the epidermis

C. Sperm transport from epididymis to ejaculatory duct/ urethra

D. Seminal fluid production

C. Sperm transport from epididymis to ejaculatory duct/ urethra

During inhalation, the diaphragm:

A. Relaxes and moves up

B. Contracts and moves down

C. Contracts and moves up

D. Relaxes and moves down

B. Contracts and moves down

A formal, testable "best guess" based on observation is a:

A. Theory

B. Law

C. Hypothesis

D. Conclusion

C. Hypothesis

__ Dry ice becoming CO₂ gas is:

A. Deposition

B. Sublimation

C. Condensation

D. Vaporization (boiling)

B. Sublimation

"Hypotheses cannot be proven, only not yet falsified" means:

A. Unfalsified hypotheses are provisional

B. Replication isn't needed

C. One test proves truth

D. Negative results are useless

A. Unfalsified hypotheses are provisional

Best tools to measure density of small irregular solids:

A. Meter stick & timer

B. Graduated cylinder (water displacement) & balance

C. Thermometer & ruler

D. Stopwatch & beaker

B. Graduated cylinder (water displacement) & balance

Emphysema primarily impairs:

A. Oxygen/ carbon-dioxide exchange in alveoli

B. Digestion of lipids

C. Glomerular filtration rate

D. Cerebellar balance

A. Oxygen/ carbon-dioxide exchange in alveoli

A chloride ion (Cl⁻) is negative because it:

A. Lost of electron

B. Gained an electron

C. Gained a proton

D. Lost a neuron

B. Gained an electron

Which unit measures mass?

A. m

B. mg

C. s

D. L

B. mg

Which body system shares the same embryonic origin (endoderm) as the lungs?

A. Integumentary

B. Gastrointestinal

C. Musculoskeletal

D. Nervous

B. Gastrointestinal

The pleura is a connective tissue membrane covering the:

A. Heart

B. Brain

C. Lungs

D. Liver

C. Lungs

Which list correctly matches the three paired salivary glands with locations?

A. Paratid (near ears/cheeks), submandibular (under jaw), sublingual (under tongue)

B. Paratid (under tongue), submandibular (cheeks), sublingual (under jaw)

C. Parotid (palate), submandibular (cheeks), sublingual (ear)

D. Parotid (under jaw), submandibular (tongue), sublingual (palate)

A. Paratid (near ears/cheeks), submandibular (under jaw), sublingual (under tongue)

The kidney secretes which enzyme to help regulate blood pressure?

A. Pepsin

B. Renin

C. Aldosterone

D. Erythropoietin

B. Renin

Base SI unit for length is:

A. Litre (L)

B. Gram (g)

C. Metre (m)

D. Seconds (s)

C. Metre (m)

Counting cars at an intersection each minute would best analyze:

A. Annual climate trends

B. Traffic patterns during rush hour

C. Plate tectonics

D. Seasonal influenza spread

B. Traffic patterns during rush hour

Largest organ of the body by surface area:

A. Liver

B. Skin

C. Brain

D. Lungs

B. Skin

Which structure is an exocrine gland?

A. Parathyroid

B. Pituitary

C. Parotid

D. Adrenal cortex

C. Parotid

Which is true of mono- vs. disaccharides?

A. Both cannot be hydrolyzed

B. Monosaccharides are 2-unit sugars

C. Disaccharides are simple sugars that can't be broken down

D. Disaccharides are two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond

D. Disaccharides are two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond

DNA → RNA is called:

A. Replication

B. Transcription

C. Translation

D. Transformation

B. Transcription

In skeletal muscle, Ca²⁺ triggers contraction by:

A. Binding to myosin heads to form cross-bridges

B. Binding troponin to shift tropomyosin off actin sites

C. Binding to ATP to release energy

D. Leaving the sarcoplasmic reticulum during relaxation only

B. Binding troponin to shift tropomyosin off actin sites

The dome-shaped primary muscle of inspiration is the:

A. External oblique

B. Rectus abdominis

C. Diaphragm

D. Intercostal tendon

C. Diaphragm

Adding/removing nucleotides (not in multiples of 3) is a:

A. Silent mutation

B. Missense mutation

C. Frameshift mutation

D. Nonsense mutation

C. Frameshift mutation

Osmosis is:

A. Water movement through a semipermeable membrane from low solute to high solute

B. Solute diffusion through lipid bilayer

C. Active pumping of ions

D. Bulk flow due to pressure

A. Water movement through a semipermeable membrane from low solute to high solute

The epididymis primarily:

A. Produces testosterone

B. Stores and matures sperm

C. Produces seminal fructose

D. Produces LH

B. Stores and matures sperm