BIO 231 General Human Anatomy - Chapters 1-3, and 5 for Lecture Exam 1

ocular lens

Magnification lens located at the top of the microscope

what is structure number 9?

body tube

what is structure number 1?

The part of the microscope that connects the ocular lenses and the rotating nosepiece with the objective lenses; contains lens that helps to focus but not magnify

arm

The part of the microscope that support the lenses, body tube, and nose piece; is used to carry the microscope.

rotating nosepiece

contains the three to four objective lenses of the microscope, and is used to rotate the desired lens into place

scanning objective lens

The lowest power lens that has a magnification of 5x; the lens that is used to start with

low power objective lens (LP)

the lens with the third highest power and a magnification of 10x

what is structure number 3?

high power objective lens (HP)

the lens with the second highest power and a magnification of 40x - 45x

oil immersion lens

the highest power lens with a magnification of 100x; this lens cannot be used without oil

course focus

Moves the nose piece up and down to focus the specimen; can only be used with scanning and low power objective lenses

fine focus

focuses the specimen without moving the nosepiece up and down; used to focus all lenses

slide manipulator

Moves the slide around on the stage so that different parts of the slide can be viewed

stage clips

Holds the slide in place; are connected to the slide manipulator

stage

The platform of the microscope that holds the slides

what is the structure pointed out by the red arrow?

iris diaphragm

The switch that moves the condenser to adjust the amount of light that shines through the specimen slide

condenser

Can be opened or closed to adjust the amount of light that shines through the specimen slide for better contrast and sharpness

illuminator

Provides the light that shines through the specimen slide so that the specimen is visible

base

The bottom part of the microscope; is used to carry the microscope

anatomy

study of structure

physiology

study of function

microscopic anatomy

consists of structures to small to see with the unaided eye

cytology

the study of cells, branch of microscopic anatomy

histology

the study of tissues, branch of microscopic anatomy

gross anatomy

consists of structures seen with the unaided eye

organization of the human body

consists of the chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organismal levels

chemical level

consists of atoms and molecules

cellular level

consists of cells, or the smallest living units

tissue level

consists of groups of cells performing a common function

organ level

consists of groups of tissues performing a common function

organ system level

consists of a group of organs performing a common function

organismal level

consists of organ systems working together to make an individual living being

tissues

four types; epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

organ systems

organs working together to perform specific functions; eleven total in the human body; integumentary, muscular, skeletal, respiratory, urinary, reproductive, digestive, cardiovascular, lymphatic, endocrine, and nervous

integumentary system

consists of skin, hair, nails, sweat, and oil glands for protection and temperature regulation

skeletal system

consists of 206 bones, cartilage, and ligaments for protection, support, production of blood cells, and storage of minerals

muscular system

consists of over 700 muscles for movement of bones and heat production

nervous system

consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves for communication via electrical signals

endocrine system

consists of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and pancreas for communication via hormones

cardiovascular system

consists of the heart and blood vessels for pumping of blood and distribution of materials

lymphatic system

consists of the spleen, lymph nodes, and tonsils for immunity and fluid balance

respiratory system

consists of the lungs, trachea, larynx, and diaphragm for the exchange of gas

digestive system

consists of the stomach, small and large intestines, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder for the breakdown and absorption of nutrients from food

urinary system

consists of the kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder for filtering blood and removing wastes

reproductive system

consists of the ovaries, uterus, testes, and penis for the production of gametes (eggs and sperm) and sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone)

anatomic position

frame of reference when using directional terminology

directional terminology

terminology that allows the description of relative positions of body structures

superior

toward the head; above

inferior

away from the head; below

anterior or ventral

in front of; toward the front of the body

posterior or dorsal

behind; toward the back of the body

medial

toward the midline of the body

lateral

away from the midline of the body

proximal

closer to the trunk of the body or point of reference

distal

farther from the trunk of the body or point of reference

deep

on the inside; underneath

superficial

closer to the surface

section

cut or slice through a structure

plane

imaginary flat surface passing through a structure usually sectioned into a particular plane

coronal plane

transverse plane

sagittal plane

midsagittal plane

a sagittal plane going straight down the midline

regional anatomy

consists of two general regions, axial and appendicular, which are divided into many smaller anatomical regions

body cavities

spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs

dorsal cavity

consists of the cranial and vertebral cavities

ventral cavity

consists of the thoracic and the abdominopelvic cavities which are physically separated by the diaphragm

thoracic cavity

consists of the mediastinum, pericardial cavity, and pleural cavities

abdominopelvic cavity

consists of the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity

cavity membranes

thin serous membrane that lines the ventral cavities which consists of two continuous layers; the parietal and the visceral layers which produce serous fluid

serous fluid

fluid produced by the layers of cavity membrane to protect against friction

pericardium

serous membrane surrounding the heart; consists of the visceral and the parietal layers

pleura

serous membrane surrounding the lungs; consists of the visceral and the parietal layers

peritoneum

serous membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity; consists of the visceral and the parietal layers

abdominal

region inferior to the thorax (chest) and superior to the hip bones

antebrachial

forearm (the portion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist)

antecubital

region anterior to the elbow; also known as the cubital region

auricular

ear (visible structures of the ear and the ears internal organs)

axillary

armpit

brachial

arm (the portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow)

buccal

cheek

calcaneal

heel of the foot

carpal

wrist

cephalic

head

cervical

neck

coxal

hip

cranial

skull

crural

leg (the portion of the lower limb between the Knee and the ankle)

deltoid

shoulder

digital

fingers and toes (also called phalangeal)

dorsal

back

femoral

thigh

fibular

lateral aspect of the leg

frontal

forehead

gluteal

buttock

hallux

great toe

inguinal

groin (sometimes used to indicate just the crease int eh junction of the thigh with the trunk)

lumbar

relating to the loins, or the part of the back and sides between the ribs and pelvis

mammary

breast

manus

hand

mental

chin

nasal

nose