Chap 3 Head/Neck Part 1 (evolve)

What is the general term for an area of bone that consists of a flat bony structure?

plate

What is the general term for any type of bony prominence?

process

What is the general term for a relatively large, convex prominence on bone that is usually involved in joints?

condyle

What is the general term for a rounded surface projecting from a bone by a neck?

head

What is the general term for a large, often rough prominence on bone that usually serves as an attachment for muscles or tendons?

tuberosity

What is the general term for a bone that is shaped like a bridge, with a bowlike outline?

arch

What is the general term for a hornlike prominence on bone?

cornu

What two general terms can be used to describe a rounded elevation on the bony surface?

tubercle or eminence

What is a general term for a prominent often roughened border or ridge on bone

crest

What is the general term for a straight small ridge on bone?

line

What is a general term for an abrupt prominence on bone that may be blunt or sharply pointed?

spine

Name four types of bony depressions and state which one is considered generally deeper (and also include their plural forms).

notch, sulcus (groove), fovea (pit) fossa (fossae)

What is a general term for an indentation at the edge of the bone?

notch

What is a shallow depression or groove on bone, which usually marks the course of a blood vessel?

sulcus

Name six types of bony openings and describe each one.

foramen, canal, meatus, fissure, osteum, aperature

What is a short windowlike opening in the bone?

foramen

What is a longer, narrow tubelike opening in the bone?

canal

Which opening in bone is a type of canal?

meatus

What is a narrow, cleftlike opening in the bone?

fissure

Which opening in bone is a small one that also serves as an entrance into a hollow organ or canal?

ostium

What is another general term used for an opening or orifice in bone?

aperture

What is the area of the skeleton where the bones are joined to each other?

articulation

Why must a dental professional know the normal anatomy of the bones of the head and neck?

to identify landmarks for anesthesia, interpret radiographs accurately, avoid vital structures during procedures, and distinguish normal anatomy from pathology

How many bones form the skull of the patient (not counting the small bones of the middle ear)?

22 bones

How are the bones of the skull divided?

into cranial (8) and facial (14)

Name the sutures of the skull bones and what bones they join.

1. Coronal suture

   • Joins: Frontal bone with right and left parietal bones.

2. Sagittal suture

   • Joins: Right and left parietal bones along the midline.

3. Lambdoidal suture

   • Joins: Parietal bones with the occipital bone.

4. Squamosal suture (one on each side)

   • Joins: Parietal bone with the temporal bone.

🔹 Additional Sutures

• Frontonasal suture → Frontal bone + Nasal bones.

• Median palatine suture → Right and left palatine processes of the maxilla + palatine bones (in the hard palate).

• Transverse palatine suture → Horizontal plates of the palatine bones + palatine processes of the maxillae.

• Internasal suture → Right and left nasal bones.

• Zygomaticomaxillary, zygomaticotemporal, zygomaticofrontal sutures → Connect zygomatic bone with maxilla, temporal, and frontal bones respectively.

Name the facial bones of the skull.

-Maxillae (2)

-Zygomatic bones (2)

-Nasal bones (2)

-Lacrimal bones (2)

-Palatine bones (2)

-Inferior nasal conchae (2)

-Vomer (1)

-Mandible (1)

Name the bones that form the orbit and what part they form (cover the four walls and apex).

Orbital walls-frontal bone, ethmoid, lacrimal bone, sphenoid(greater wing)

Orbital apex-lesser wing of sphenoid, palatine

What is the round opening in the orbital apex termed and what passes through it?

OPTIC CANAL

2nd cranial or optic nerve and opthalmic artery

Describe the superior orbital fissure and its location, as well as what passes through it.

Curved & slit like between greater and lesser sphenoid bones-3rd, 4th, 6th, ophthalmic nerve and veins run through

Describe the inferior orbital fissure and its location, as well as what travels through it.

between greater wing of the sphenoid and maxilla-- infraorbital zygomatic nerves, maxillary nerve, and infraorbital artery run through

What is the anterior opening of the nasal cavity?

piriform aperture

What bones are at the junction formed by the nasion?

frontal and nasal bones

What bones form the bridge of the nose?

paired nasal bones

What bones form the lateral boundaries of the nasal cavity?

maxillae

What are the three projecting structures that create the lateral walls of the nasal cavity and which extend inward from the maxillae?

nasal conchae or turbinates. superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae

What groove is beneath each nasal conchae and what is the function of their openings?

nasal meatus-protect nasal conchae

What is the vertical partition of the nasal cavity and what bones form its anterior and posterior parts?

nasal septum-anteriorly formed by ethmoid posterior vomer

Discuss the temporal lines and where they are located.

on lateral surface of skull crossing frontal and parietal bones

Name the cranial bones.

8 bones-occipital, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, parietal(2), temporal(2)

Discuss the fossae of the skull and where they are located.

temporal fossa, infratemporal, pterygopalatine

What is the term for the cheekbone area and what suture is located on it and also which bones form this area?

zygomatic arch-temporozygomatic suture, formed by temporal bone

What is the temporomandibular joint an articulation between?

articulation between temporal and madible

Where is the hard palate located and which teeth are located near it and also what bone borders it?

maxillary teeth-is bored by the alveolar process of the maxilla

What sutures are located on the hard palate and what bones does it show the articulation between?

prominent median suture, transverse palatine suture--articulation between the two palate processes of the maxillae and the 2 palatine bones

What is located on the posterior border of the hard palate and what bones for these structures?

Posterior nasal apertures--vomer and sphenoid

What small canal is located on the superior border of each of these structures on the posterior border of the palate and what do they open into and also what passes through it?

pterygoid canal located near superior border of each posterior nasal aperture-located on sphenoid-pterygoid nerve and vessels run through

What are the processes and plates of the sphenoid bone?

greater and less wing process, pterygoid process--lateral pterygoid plate and medial pterygoid plate

What fossa is located between the plates of the sphenoid bone

pterygoid fossa

What is the term for the curved process on the inferior part of the medial plate of the sphenoid bone?

hamulus

What is the larger anterior oval opening on the sphenoid bone and what passes through it?

foramen ovale--mandibular nerve (5th cranial or trigeminal nerve)

What is the smaller and more posterior opening on the sphenoid bone and what passes through it and also what spine is located nearby?

foramen spinosum--middle meningeal artery runs through-near spine of the sphenoid

What is the large irregularly shaped opening on the external surface of the skull, which in life was filled with cartilage?

foramen lacerum

What is the more posterior opening in the petrous part of the temporal bone and what passes through it and also what pointed bony projection is nearby?

carotid canal--carotid artery and sympathetic carotid plexus--near styloid process

What opening is immediately posterior to the more posterior opening in the petrous part of the temporal bone and what passes through it from the skull to the face?

The opening is the jugular foramen, and it transmits cranial nerves IX, X, XI and the internal jugular vein from the skull to the face/neck.

What opening is medial to the styloid process and is easier to see if you tilt the skull to one side and also what passes through it?

Jugular foramen--jugular internal jugular vein, 3 cranial nerves, 9th 10th 11th.

What is the largest opening on the inferior view of the skull and in what bone is it located and what passes through it?

foramen magnum--occipital bone-spinal cord, vertebral arteries, 11th cranial nerve

State where the cribriform plate is located and what passes through it.

ethmoid bone--olfactory nerves

State where the foramen rotundum is located and what passes through it.

Sphenoid bone-maxillary nerve of 5th cranial or trigeminal nerve

State where the hypoglossal canal is located and what passes through it.

occipital bone--12th cranial or hypoglossal nerve and vessels

Where is the internal acoustic meatus located and what passes through it?

temporal bones--seventh and eighth cranial nerves

Is the occipital bone paired or single and what bones does it articulate with?

single--articulates with the parietal, temporal, and sphenoid

What are the curved and smooth paired projections on the occipital bone that are both lateral and anterior to the foramen magnum and also what do they articulate with?

occipital condyles--articulates with the atlas

What is the four-sided plate on the occipital bone that is anterior to the foramen magnum and what is its midline projection

pharyngeal tubercle

What are the paired openings in the skull that are anterior and lateral to the foramen magnum on the occipital bones and what passes through them?

hypoglossal canals--12th cranial or hypoglossal nerve

What is the part of the occipital bone that forms the medial part of the jugular foramen and what bone does it articulate with?

jugular notch of the occipital bone--articulates with the temporal bone

What bone forms the forehead and the superior part of the orbit and also what bones does it articulate with?

frontal bone-articulates with the parietal bones, sphenoid bone, lacrimal bones, nasal bones, ethmoid bone, zygomatic bones, and the maxillae

Name the location of the frontal sinuses.

frontal bone

What are the curved elevations over the superior part of the orbit and on what bone are they located and also at what age and in what gender are they more prominent?

supraorbital ridges--more prominent in adult males

What bony demarcation when palpated causes patient discomfort and is located on the medial part of the curved elevations superior to the orbit and also what passes through it?

supraorbital notch--supraorbital artery and nerve travel through

What landmark is located between the curved elevations superior to the orbits and what does it correspond to on the surface features of an adult and child?

glabella--in child it's flat, in adults

What projection is located on the frontal bone lateral to the orbit?

zygomatic process of the frontal bone

What depression is located just inside the lateral part of the supraorbital ridge and what did it contain in life and also what did it produce?

lacrimal fossa-contains lacrimal gland that produces tears

What paired bones articulate with each other at the sagittal suture and what other bones do they articulate with?

parietal bones--articulate with each other and the occipital, frontal, temporal, and sphenoid bones

What bones form the lateral walls of the skull and with what bones do they articulate and of what three parts are they composed

temporal bones--articulates with 1 zygomatic and 1 parietal bone

What bones and their specific parts form the zygomatic arch of the face?

temporal bone forms the zygomatic process of the temporal bone

What is the landmark on the inferior part of the temporal bone that is part of the articulation of the temporomandibular joint?

articular fossa

What landmark on the temporal bone is anterior to the articulation part of the temporomandibular joint and which one is posterior?

anterior-articular eminence

posterior-postglenoid process

What bony demarcation is located posterior to the articulation part of the temporal bone through which the chorda tympani nerve emerges?

petrotympanic fissure

What large roughened projection of the temporal bone is posterior to the external acoustic meatus and what is it composed of and also what purposes does it serve?

mastoid process--composed of mastoid air cells that communicate with middle ear activity and serve as a site for sternocleidomastoid attachment

What bony demarcation on the large roughened projection of the temporal bone is posterior to the external acoustic meatus and what bony demarcation is inferior and medial?

mastoid notch, styloid process

What is the opening on the temporal bone that carries the facial nerve and why is it named as such?

styloidmastoid foramen--named for its location between the styloid process and mastoid process.

What single cranial bone is midline and complex and contains the superior orbital fissure, foramen ovale, foramen rotundum, and the foramen spinosum?

sphenoid

Name the specific part of the bone where the sphenoidal sinuses are located.

body of the sphenoid

Explain the relationship of the processes of the sphenoid bone to each other.

lesser wing forms the base of the orbital apex and the greater wing,

pterygoid process is an area of attachment for some some of the muscles for attachment

What are the seven landmarks on each greater wing of the sphenoid bone?

Foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, part of foramen lacerum, infratemporal crest, infratemporal surface, orbital surface.

What cranial bone is single, in the midline of the skull, and adjoins the vomer at its inferior and posterior border and also what other bones does it articulate with?

ethmoid--articulates with the frontal, sphenoid, lacrimal, and maxilla

Where is the perpendicular plate in relationship to the cribriform plate and what midline nasal feature does it help form?

vertical to the cribriform aids the nasal septal cartilage and vomer in forming the nasal septum

In what specific location are the ethmoidal sinuses?

between the orbital plate and the conchae

What is the vertical midline continuation of the perpendicular plate into the cranial cavity and what is its function?

crista galli--covers the brain

What part of the orbit does the orbital plate of the ethmoid bone form and where is its location in relationship to the nasal conchae?

medial orbital wall--located lateral to the superior and middle nasal conchae of the ethmoid

foramina spinosum

location- sphenoid

location--middle meningeal artery

greater palatine foramina

location--palatine bones

contains--greater palatine nerve and vessels

hypoglossal canals

location-occipital bone

location--12th cranial or hypoglossal nerve and vessels

incisive foramen

location-maxillae

contains-right and left nasopalatine nerves and branches of the sphenopalatine artery

inferior orbital fissures

location--sphenoid bone and maxillae

contains- infraorbital and zygomatic nerves, infraorbital artery, ophthalmic vein

infraorbital foramina and canals

location--maxillae

contain--infraorbital nerve and vesssels

internal acoustic meatus

location--temporal bones

contains--7th and 8th cranial nerves

jugular foramina

location-occipital and temporal bones

contains--internal jugular vein and 9th,10,11th cranial nerves

optic canals and foramina

location--sphenoid bone

contains--optic nerve and ophthalmic artery