Mgt 305 - OB - Chapter 5

• direction of behavior or thought

• persistence of behavior or thought

• intensity of behavior or thought

all of the characteristics that are influenced by motivation

content; process

The theories that focus on identifying internal factors that motivate people are______ theories. The more dynamic theories that focus on explaining how internal and external factors motivate people are _______ theories.

needs

Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior are known as ____________

Theory X

Douglas McGregor outlined managers' pessimistic assumptions toward employees as _____.

Abraham Maslow

Who formulated the theory that motivation is a function of five basic needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization?

motivation

The psychological mechanisms that guide the direction, intensity, and persistence of one's behaviors or thoughts are known as:

acquired needs theory

David McClelland's theory about the drivers of employee behavior is the:

• process theories

• content theories

The general categories of motivation theories include:

arouse behavior

Needs are defined as physiological or psychological deficiencies that

• must be monitored frequently

• dislike work

• can only be motivated with rewards and punishments

According to McGregor, Theory X assumes that employees:

• competence

• autonomy

• relatedness

Self-determination theory assumes that our behavior and well-being are influenced by which innate needs?

• Esteem Needs

• Physiological Needs

Which of the following are included in Maslow's need hierarchy theory?

• Hygiene Factors

• Physiological Needs

• Acquired Needs

• Esteem Needs

• Job dissatisfaction is associated with hygiene factors

• Job satisfaction is associated with motivating factors.

• Managers can improve motivation by improving both motivators that create satisfaction and hygiene factors that reduce dissatisfaction.

Frederick Herzberg's theory states??

acquired or basic

McClelland's theory, developed in the 1940s, proposed that employee behaviors are driven by three __________ needs.

equity, equity/justice, or justice

The theory that explains how people strive for fairness in social exchanges is __________ theory.

content; process

The theories that focus on identifying internal factors that motivate people are _______ theories. The more dynamic theories that focus on explaining how internal and external factors motivate people are _________theories.

• inputs

• outputs

• comparison of the ratio of outputs to inputs

What are the key elements of equity theory?

needs

Hunger or thirst are examples of physiological deficiencies that arouse behavior known as ______.

outputs

Pay, promotions, challenging assignments, participation in decision making are all considered ______ in Adam's equity theory.

competence

Self-determination theory assumes that three innate needs—autonomy, _______ , and relatedness—drive our behavior.

inputs

Education, skills, creativity, experience, and personal appearance can all be perceived as ______ in Adam's equity theory.

two

Herzberg's theory states that there are _______ separate sets of factors that create satisfaction and dissatisfaction on the job.

inputs

Feelings of inequity are based on whether you perceive that the outputs you receive are adequate to compensate for your collective _______

equity theory

Which process theory explains how people strive for fairness and justice in social exchanges or give-and-take relationships?

desired combinations of expected outcomes

Expectancy theory states that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce

outputs; inputs

Equity theory uses a comparison of the ratio of ______ to ________.

specificity

The quantifiability of a goal is known as goal _______

equity

Pay, promotions, challenging assignments, participation in decision making are all considered outputs in Adams' Elements of ______ theory.

job design

Any set of activities that involve the alteration of specific job activities to improve the quality of employee job experience and motivation is called

• skills and knowledge

• personality traits

• education

In equity theory, inputs can include:

their output-to-input ratio to that of relevant others.

According to equity theory, people compare

• reason

• systematic observation

• experimentation

Scientific management designs jobs based on

behavior

Expectancy theory can be used to predict ______ in situations where there is a choice between two or more alternatives.

• Successful goal achievement reinforces employee satisfaction and leads to setting higher goals.

• People need the ability and resources to achieve the goal.

• Goals that are specific and difficult lead to higher performance.

Which of the following statements are consistent with Locke and Latham's findings about goal setting

job design

The activities that involve alteration of specific jobs or sets of interdependent jobs to improve employee experience and motivation are known as

inputs

In Adams' equity theory, knowledge, experience, education, and effort expended all are perceived as

job crafting

The approach to job design in which individuals make physical and cognitive changes in the task or relational boundaries of their work is known as

scientific mgmt

The method of job design that draws from observation, experiments, and reasoning is

idiosyncratic deals

What are job design terms that individuals negotiate for themselves involving schedule flexibility, career development, or other adjustments?

desired combinations of expected outcomes.

Expectancy theory states that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce

Try to incorporate job crafting or I-deals.

What should individuals do if their current job is unfulfilling but they do not want to change jobs?

specificity

The quantifiability of a goal is known as goal _________.

design

Altering jobs to improve employee experience and productivity is called job __________

job crafting

The approach to job design in which individuals make physical and cognitive changes in the task or relational boundaries of their work is known as:

by linking performance to rewards that individual employees value

How can managers incorporate the principles of expectancy theory

idiosyncratic

Job design terms that individuals negotiate for themselves involving schedule flexibility, career development, or other adjustments are known as _________ deals

• Change jobs.

• Ask for new work assignments.

• Talk with the manager.

What are some recommended approaches for creating change when one's job is low on hygiene or motivating factors?

• goal specificity

• commitment to the goal

• ability to achieve the goal

According to goal setting theory, which of the following are needed in order for goals to motivate employees?

job design

The activities that involve alteration of specific jobs or sets of interdependent jobs to improve employee experience and motivation are known as

• one-on-one meetings

• employee surveys

Which methods should managers use to determine the needs of their employees?

idiosyncratic deals

What are job design terms that individuals negotiate for themselves involving schedule flexibility, career development, or other adjustments

• Goals that are specific and difficult lead to higher performance.

• People need the ability and resources to achieve the goal.

• Successful goal achievement reinforces employee satisfaction and leads to setting higher goals.

Which of the following statements are consistent with Locke and Latham's findings about goal setting?

specificity

The quantifiability of a goal is known as goal

• commitment to the goal

• ability to achieve the goal

• goal specificity

According to goal setting theory, which of the following are needed in order for goals to motivate employees