Unit 7 Study Guide Biology 1 Honors
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Last updated 10:33 PM on 3/6/25
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44 Terms
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Asexual Reproduction
Reproduction with one parent.
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Sexual Reproduction
Reproduction with two parents.
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Fertilization
Process where a sperm and egg cell come together.
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Zygote
A cell formed when two gametes come together.
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Homologous Chromosomes
Pairs of chromosomes that can have different alleles for the same trait.
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Sister Chromatids
Identical copies of a chromosome, having the same alleles.
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Haploid
A cell containing one set of chromosomes.
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Diploid
A cell containing two sets of chromosomes.
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Gamete
A reproductive cell; specifically, an egg or sperm cell.
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Meiosis
Cell division process to make gametes.
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Mitosis
Cell division that produces two identical daughter cells.
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Genetic Variation
Differences in DNA among individuals, important for species survival.
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Crossing Over
The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
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Independent Assortment
The random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes into gametes.
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Nondisjunction
The failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis.
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Monosomy
Condition where there is one less chromosome than normal.
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Trisomy
Condition where there is one extra chromosome.
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Homologous Chromosomes vs Sister Chromatids
Homologous chromosomes have different alleles, sister chromatids are identical.
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Gregor Mendel
Famous for the laws of segregation and independent assortment in genetics.
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Gene
A piece of DNA with instructions for making specific proteins.
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Allele
One of multiple variations of a gene.
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Phenotype
The physical characteristics of an organism.
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Genotype
The genetic makeup of an organism.
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Homozygous
Having two identical alleles for a trait.
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Heterozygous
Having two different alleles for a trait.
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Dominant Allele
An allele that can mask the effects of another allele.
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Recessive Allele
An allele that can be masked by a dominant allele.
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Punnett Square
A tool used to predict the probability of an outcome in genetics.
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Incomplete Dominance
A blending of traits, such as red and white flowers producing pink.
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Codominance
Both alleles are equally expressed, like AB blood type.
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Multiple Alleles
A gene with three or more alleles, such as the ABO blood group.
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Polygenic Trait
Traits determined by two or more genes, like eye color.
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Autosomes
Chromosomes numbered 1-22 in humans that do not determine sex.
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Sex Chromosomes
Chromosomes that determine an individual's sex (XX or XY).
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Sex-Linked Trait
Characteristic determined by genes on sex chromosomes.
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Sex-Linked Traits in Males
More common as males have only one X chromosome.
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Karyotype
A picture of an individual's chromosomes used for diagnosis.
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Gamete Formation
Involves meiosis to create haploid cells for fertilization.
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Advantages of Asexual Reproduction
Only needs one parent and can be quicker.
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Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction
Requires two parents and can be slower.
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Advantages of Sexual Reproduction
Creates genetic variation among offspring.
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Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction
No variation can lead to vulnerability to disease.
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Meiosis I
first division in meiosis where homologous chromosomes separate, resulting in two diploid cells
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Meiosis II
second division in meiosis where sister chromatids separate, resulting in four haploid cells
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