AP HUG Exam

Spatial patterns

Where things isolated ex mountains etc

Relative distance

Ex rich and poor neighborhood. Measure at social, cultural, and political differences

Large scale map

Large details, zoomed in

Small scale map

Details small, zoomed out

Reference map

Displays locations ex road, topography, political maps

Thematic map

Display info

Chloropleth

Data with colors

Dot distribution

Closer when dense

Graduated symbol

Large for large

Isoline lines

Ex topographical

Cartogram

Distorts shape to show differences

Mercator

True direction for navigation, further from equator=more distortion

Peters

Continents true size, distorts shape

Polar

View from pole, distorts edges

Robinson

Compromise between Peter and Mercator

Geospatial techs

Use hardware to examine and measure features ex GPS

GIS

Finds answers to research based problems

Remote sensing

Satellite imagery

Determinism

Enviro determines culture

Possibilism

Humans shape culture

Scales of analysis

Drawing conclusions based on different sizes of data set. Global (global level) regional (ex Eurasia N America) National (country level) local (state or city level)

Formal region

Has lang, like religion

Functional region

Shared function (node, ex pizza delivery or city downtown)

Perceptual/vernacular region

Shared beliefs and feelings (American S, vague borders)

Contested boundaries

Ex Kashmir (Pakistan, India, and China intersection)

Arithmetic density

Doesn’t always account for not being even density everywhere)=total pop/total land area

Physiological density

Can pop feed themselves. Higher it is the more pressure to produce. =total pop/total arable land

Agri density

Lower=less farmers can mean mechanized. =total farmers/total arable land

Pop composition

Measure of certain characteristics of pop like age, race, gender, etc

Pop dynamics

How geographers study trends in pop growth or decline considers fertility and mortality rates and migration

Rate of natural increase

CBR-CDR

Doubling time

How long it takes for given pop to double given current pop growth trends

Intervening obstacles

Challenges migrants must overcome in reaching their desired destination

Intervening opportunity

Anything migrant faces that changes original destination of migration

Cultural relativism

Evaluation of other culture by that cultures own standards

Ethnocentrism

Evaluation of other culture own culture standards

Sequent landscape

Cultural marks left on landscape by each group of people that have occupied place over history

Relocation diffusion

As people move

Expansion diffusion

Trait spreads but people don’t

Imperialism

Powerful state enacts policies to extend power over another place

Colonialism

Powerful state establishes settlements in another place

Lingua Franca

Single lang adopted by people of many different lands that facilitates communication ex English for world

Creolization

Occurs when 2 lands combine to form new siting lang ex Afrikans

Lang categories

Fam(ex Indo EU) branch(romance branch→ French, spanish, etc; Germanic branch→ English, German, etc) dialects (mex and Spain speech Spanish but bit different words)

Universalizing religions

Appeal to bunch of people ex Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism

Ethnic religions

Tied closely to particular ethnic groups in regions ex Hinduism, Judaism, Shinto

Toponym

Name of plac

Acculturation

People in culture adopt some traits of other culture while maintains own

Assimilation

Assume almost all aspect of other culture-forced and voluntary

Syncretism

2+ more cultural traits blend to create new cultural trait

Multiculturalism

Members of culture group don’t fully assimilate but still maintain own cultural identity while other groups found them do smae

Shatterbelts

Groups of politically and ethnically fragmented states located between larger more powerful states often vie for control over smaller states ex Balkan states

Neocolonialism

Process thru which powerful countries attempt to control weaker countries thru economic or cultural pressures

Antecedent b

Before populated

Subsequent b

After settled and reflects cultural traits ex Ireland and N Ireland

Consequent b

Consideration of cultural landscapes often divide people ex Yugoslavia

Definitional bd

Over interpretation of legal documents

Locational bd

Border moves ex river

Operational bd

Function causes conflict

Allocational bd

Valuable natural resources on both sides

Ethnic seperatism

Person/group identifies more as own ethnic group than citizen

Irredentism

Movement by nation to unite other parts of nation that are located in other state. Ex China over taiwan

Market gardening (truck farming)

Intensive small scale commercial

Another name for cluster (as in houses)

Nucleated

Another name for dispersed (as in houses)

Isolated

Fertile Crescent

Wheat, barley, sheep, pigs, cattle

Indus River valley

Wheat, barley, peas, cattle, camels, buffalo

SE Asia

Sugarcane, root veggie, pigs

C America

Sweet potatoes, beans, maize, turkeys

Green rev

Synthetic fertilizers, chem pesticides, increased mechanization

Monocropping

Same one crop every time

Monoculture

Same type changes every time tho

Von Thünen

CBD, intensive farming, forest/timber, grains, ranching livestock