AP World Unit 7

the west

(std \#1) \___ \___ dominated the global political order at the beginning of the 20th century, but both land-based and maritime empires gave way to new states by century's end

collapsed

(std \#2) some older, land-based empires \___ due to a combo of internal and external factors

the ottoman empire

(std \#2) dismantled by the allies at the end of World War 1 and became Turkey by 1922

russia

(std \#2) experienced a communist revolution in 1917

qing

(std \#2) overthrown by the republic of china in 1911

political, social

(std #3) states around the world challenged existing ___ and ___ order

ex. the mexican revolution arose from political crisis

1914-november 11, 1918

(std \#3) world war 1

militarism

(std \#8) aggressive build up of militaries; military leaders gained influence

alliances

(std \#8) defense arrangements among nations w/ common interests or fears

triple alliance

(std \#8) austria-hungary, germany, italy

triple entente

(std \#8) great britain, france, russia

nationalism

(std #8) intense patriotism and the desire for independence from outside rule or unity

ex. france and alsace-lorraine

serbia wanted slavic nation

imperialism

(std #8) rivalries and competition caused by colonies and resources

ex. berlin-baghdad railroad

france wanted morocco

assassination of the archduke

(std \#8) june 28, 1914; archduke franz ferdinand of austria-hungary was assassinated

Militarism

Alliances

Nationalism

Imperialism

assassination of the archduke

(std \#8) five causes of WW1; MANIA

colonies

(std \#9) troops from \___ served all around the world; sometimes in fighting roles, sometimes in support; saw their european partners slaughtered in battle and were ordered to kill other europeans

india

(std \#9) britain promised self rule to \___ if they supported britain's war effort, but lied

new weapons in WW1

(std \#9) machine guns, tanks, airplanes (for reconnaissance), poison gas, submarines, trucks and trains to move supplies

industrial revolution

(std \#9) \___ \___ made it easier to mass produce war and death

nation

(std \#10) war w/ modern weapons channeled a \___'s entire effort into fighting; rural and urban, military and suburban

government

(std #10) ___ had to take a stronger role to direct total war

ex. propaganda, economic control, nationalism

april 6, 1917

(std \#12) u.s. entry into WW1

naval war

(std #12) ___ ___ between G. Britain and Germany threatened free trade

attempted to cut supplies to the enemy

ex. Lusitania (American ship) got torpedoed by Germany

\*reason for U.S. entry into the WW1

zimmerman

(std #12) ___ telegram from German gov. to Mexican gov.

recent trouble w/ Mexico made U.S. tense

\*reason for U.S. entry into WW1

progressive era

(std #12) ___ ___; U.S. attempted to fix all problems

\*reason for U.S. entry into WW1

anti-German

(std #12) ___-___ propaganda made U.S. side against Germany (including German-Americans)

\*reason for U.S. entry into WW1

militarism

alliances

nationalism

continued imperial aspirations

unsustainable peace (treaty of versailles)

great depression and global economic pressure

rise of totalitarian regimes and dictators

league of nations failed

appeasement failed

(stds \#27 and \#28) causes of WW2; MANIUGRLA

japanese expansion

(std #28) some places gained additional territories through conquest and treaty settlement

ex. ___ ___

\-needed resources

\-1931 manchuria

\-1933 dropped out of "the league"

\-1937 attacked china ("the rape of nanking")

italian expansion

(std #28) another place that gained additional territories through conquest and treaty settlement

\-1937 withdrew from league of nations

\-1939 annexed albania

german expansion

(std #28) another place that gained additional territories through conquest and treaty settlement

\-1933 withdrew from the league

\-took austria, czechoslovakia, poland

rome-berlin axis

(std \#28) two nations that were allied and wanted to spread fascism; called \___-\___ \___

anti-comintern pact

(std \#28) pact between germany and japan; bonded over hating communism

nazi-soviet nonaggression pact

(std \#28) pact between soviets and germany

japan

(std \#28) formed Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere; "asia for the asiaties"

spanish civil war

(std \#28) fascists vs. communists; tested militaries and countries

reasons for league of nations failure

(std \#28) used only economic sanctions on trade as a punishment; U.S. never joined; angry countries dropped out

appeasement

(std \#28) giving into the reasonable demands to keep the peace

opposition

(std \#4) some people acted in \___ to neocolonialism and economic imperialism

economic imperialism

(std \#4) control of a country's economy by the businesses of another nation

huerto (military dictator)

(std \#4) U.S. forces removed \___ and tried to hunt Pancho Villa; U.S. interfering in the Mexican Revolution

outcomes of the mexican revolution

(std \#4) land redistribution and real social and economic change (sometimes advocacy for communism or socialism)

russian revolution

(std \#5) russian socialists thought revolution was the only way to achieve their goals. WW1 created even more tension, so russian society exploded. tsar nicholas was forced to abdicate, which opened the door for more social upheaval. soldiers deserted, some workers seized control of their factories, and peasants burned manor houses

russian revolution leaders

(std #5) the bolsheviks, a small socialist party, took over. their leader was lenin. they won a 3 year civil war for control

renamed the country "union of soviet socialist republics)

joseph stalin became soviet leader eventually

outcomes of russian revolution

(std #5) cultural values of collectivism and selflessness

richer peasants excluded and starved to death

low unemployment, education opportunities, social mobility

prominent communists and millions of ordinary people were imprisoned for "crimes" and arrested, killed, and sent to labor camps

lenin's promises

(std #5) end to war

land to peasants

workers start to control factories

self-determination for non-russian nationalities

treaty of brest-litovsk

(std \#5) russia lost 1 million sq miles, 1/3 of the population, most coal, iron, and oil, industrial cities

changes to russia

(std #5) new name

focused on modernization and industrialization

emphasis on equality

totalitarianism

collectivization of agriculture

communist industrialization

collectivization of agriculture

(std \#5) land taken from private owners, given to gov., gov. told people to work on land

communist industrialization

(std \#5) state ownership of property, centralized power, 5 yr plans, command economy

economy

(std #6) governments began to take a more active role in the ___

ex. soviet union controlled the national economy using socialism, collectivization of agri., and 5 yr plans

often used repression w/ negative repercussions for people

contextualization of revolution in china

(std #7) 1842 - opium war

spheres of influence

taiping rebellion

boxer rebellion

empress ci xi chose emperor puyi

problems in china before revolution

(std #7) increasing imperialist demands from both japan and the west (chinese resented westerners and christian missionaries)

frustration w/ foreign manchu qing leaders

pressure to modernize, but process was slow

sun yatsen

(std \#7) father of modern china; led chinese revolution; overthrew qing dynasty and formed the republic of china; established kuomintang (nationalist party); first president of china

three principles of the people

(std #7) nationalism - free china from foreign control

democracy and representative gov.

economic security for all chinese

outcomes of chinese revolution

(std \#7) warlords stepped into the power vacuum as qing withdrew; rival armies battled and more political chaos; famine and war caused economy to collapse; increasing foreign influence

attrition

(std \#11) fighting until both sides were exhausted

trench warfare

(std \#11) common on the western front; four different trenches; miserable conditions; destruction to cities and villages

annihilation

(std \#13) the rise of extremist groups in power led to the \___ of specific populations and other atrocities, acts of genocide, or ethnic violence

armenian genocide

(std #13) ottoman turks = muslim, joined central powers during WW1

armenians = christians, supported russia during WW1

1915-1923

turkey arrested and executed intellectuals and males

forced deportations, camps, death marches, massacres, starvation

1\.5 million people died

armenia today

(std #13) small, landlocked nation

independence in 1991 from soviet union

still struggles w/ turkey

turkey today

(std #13) refuses to acknowledge "genocide"

argue that some people were forced to move, they were supporting russia, some people always die during war, some people starved

total war

(std \#16) requiring the mobilization of each country's entire population

casualties, destruction

(std \#16) world war 1 had unprecedented \___ and \___

vote

(std \#16) women were forced to return to their homes when the war was over and got the right to \___

global power

(std \#16) U.S. was brought to center stage as a \___ \___ after WW1

germany, italy, and japan were bitter

(std \#16) MAJOR EFFECT OF WORLD WAR 1

armistice

(std \#14) nov 11th 1918

germany, austria-hungary, bulgaria, ottoman empire

(std \#14) central powers

unhappy

(std \#14) most left the treaty of versailles..

promises broken at treaty of versailles

(std #14) arabs in ottoman empire had been promised freedom; they didn't get it

ho chi minh (nationalist leader in vietnam) asked for "self-determination"; they didn't get it

japan asked for an article declaring equality of all races; they didn't get it

article 231

(std \#14) "war guilt clause"; declared that germany and austria-hungary started WW1

military restrictions

(std \#14) result of the treaty of versailles; german army reduced to 100,000 men; small german navy, no german air force; demilitarized zone in the rhineland; no weapons, tanks, submarines, etc.

territorial changes

(std #14) result of the treaty of versailles; "self-determination" for some countries; germany lost european land to france (alsace and lorraine), belgium, denmark, poland, and others

austria lost land to italy, serbia, and others

germany lost ALL overseas colonies to belgium, france, and japan

reparations

(std #14) germany had to pay ___ ($ for war damage)

they just printed more money, which caused hyperinflation

league of nations

(std \#15) created after WW1; international organization formed to maintain peace and facilitate cooperation

the great depression

(std #17) began w/ abrupt market crash in oct. 1929 and lasted a decade

suggested western capitalism was failing

economies collapsed all over euro.-american heartland

banks closed, people lost their life savings, and unemployment rate soared

FDR's new deal

(std #17) altered the relationship among government, private economy, and citizens

programs for dams, highways, bridges, and parks

longer-term reform

social security system, minimum wage, welfare

totalitarian

(std \#18) the rise of \___ regimes (fascism and communism) led to global conflict

freedoms

(std \#19) governments used ideologies, including fascism and communism, to mobilize all of their state's resources, and in the case of totalitarian states, repress \___ and dominate daily life during the conflicts and beyond

negative repercussions

(std \#20) in totalitarian states, governments controlled their national economies, often through repressive policies and with \___ \___ for their populations

totalitarianism

(std #21) government maintains complete control over every part of public and private life

appeared to provide a sense of security and offered strong direction for the future

communism

(std \#21) used aspects of totalitarianism; dictator, one political party, police terror, propaganda; focused on spread of their beliefs worldwide; no private property or social classes

democratic

(std \#21) economic problems from WW1 and great depression led people to question whether \___ government could improve their life

fascism

(std #22) used aspects of totalitarianism

dictator, one political party, police terror, propaganda

extreme form of nationalism

believed each class had a role to play in society and supported private property

often racist and action-oriented

glorified state over individual

unemployment decreased & the growth of businesses and the army employed soldiers

advocated a corporate state to replace capitalism and socialism

corporatism

(std \#22) government formed "corporations" (like unions) in each industry that would help negotiate between management and workers

communist

(std \#23) joseph stalin was..

joseph stalin

(std #23) used secret police to arrest or kill anyone who spoke against him

increased oil, coal, and steel production

took control of private farms and began collectivization

millions died from famine and rioting

made soviet union into a totalitarian state and industrial power

benito mussolini

(std #24) fought communists for power in italy and won

promised to restore power and glory

expanded empire by invading ethiopia and albania

fascist

(std \#24) benito mussolini was..

emperor hirohito

(std #25) symbolic leader

military leader Hideki Tojo ruled in the name of him and made the real decisions

conquered manchuria for iron and coal

continued expanding into S. China until WW2

“greater east-asia co prosperity sphere”

military dictator

(std \#25) emperor hirohito was..

adolf hitler

(std #26) joined the Nazis and gained power through propaganda and close relations w/ government officials

got Chancellor position and took absolute power

outlawed communism and other political parties

encouraged anti-Semitism and organized a huge genocide

rebuilt german military and invaded other countries, which prompted britain and france to declare war

fascist

(std \#26) hitler was..

home countries, colonies

(std #29) governments used ___ ___ and ___ for waging war

ex. 2.5 million Indians served in uniform during WW2 for Britain

hawaii - u.s. naval base

mobilize

(std #30) governments used a variety of strategies to ___ populations at home and colonies to wage war

ex. propaganda, art, media, intensified nationalism

new weapons in WW2

(std \#31) fire-bombing, atomic bombs, and modern weapons; led to increased casualties

blitzkrieg

germany attacked poland

soviet union also attacked poland

spring of 1940

germany attacked:

denmark

netherlands

belgium

luxembourg

france

battle of britain

hitler bombed britain to prepare for invasion; then postponed land attack

battle of stalingrad

german invasion of S.U.; 99% of the city destroyed

2 million killed and wounded