plants nd fungi

Chlorophyta

single celled aquatic green algae

Chara

2N multicellular freshwater green algae

Mitosis

1 diploid/haploid cell creates 2 identical daughter cells

Meiosis

1 diploid cell creates 4 haploid cells; MUST BE DIPLOID

Diploid/2N

two copies of each chromosome

Haploid/1N

one copy of each chromosome

Oedogonium

filamentous free living algae; string of haploid cells; produced eggs and sperm

Zygnematophyceae

closest living relative to land plants

Spirogloea musicola

stress genes

Transcription factors

turns genes on and off

Hormone signaling

long distance signaling within organism

Cell wall remodeling

cell can become stronger and bigger; led to multicellularity

Disease resistance

resistance to diseases

Desication tolerance

drought tolerance

Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT)

picking up genes from the environment

What are the three genes that were integral to plants moving to land?

stress response genes, horizontal gene transfer, hormone signaling genes

Genome triplication

started as 1N --> 3N and used excess genes to modify and evolve; transcription, lignin, UV protection, cell signaling

Challenges of moving to land

no water for photosynthesis and reproduction, drought stress, UV damage, freezing temps, must anchor to the ground, growing against gravity

Fungi

external digesting heterotrophs; secrete digesting enzymes and absorb nutrients; hyphae --> mycelium; cell wall of chitin; dikaryotic stage; nuclear mitosis

Hyphae

"fungal roots" one cell thick that create lots of surface area; digestion and nutrient acquisition; create mycelium

Mycelium

mat of hyphae; feeding structure

Monokaryotic

one nucleus

Dikaryotic

two nuclei

Homokaryotic

two of the same nuclei

Heterokaryotic

two different nuclei

Plasmogamy

fusion of two cytoplasm

Karyogamy

fusion of two nuclei

Fungal life cycle (study diagram)

Lichens

ascomycete fungus, cyanobacteria or green algae; symbiotic relationship with fungi, fungus gets food and algae gets a home

Bryophytes

seedless nonvascular plants; gametophyte dominant; moss

Lycophytes

seedless vascular plants; sporophyte dominant; club moss

Strobilus

collection of sporophylls/leaves

Sporophyll

leaf with sporangium

Sporangium

"house" where spores are produced

Spore mother cell/sporocyte

cell that undergoes meiosis to create spores

Homosporous life cycle (know the diagram)

one type of spore and gametophyte

Heterosporous life cycle (know the diagram)

two types of spore and gametophyte

What creates spores?

sporophytes

What creates gametes?

gametophytes

What creates sporophytes?

gametes

What creates gametophytes?

spores

Sporophyte

Diploid/2N; makes spores

Gametophyte

Haploid/1N; makes gametes

Gamete

haploid/1N sex cell that fertilizes to make sporophyte

Spore

haploid/1N cell that makes gametophyte

Micro--

male structures; microspore, microgametophyte

Mega--

female structures; megaspore, megagametophyte

Egg

haploid/1N female sex cell made in archegonia

Sperm

haploid/1N male sex cell made in the antheridia

Zygote

diploid/2N fertilized cell

Archegonia

megametophyte; holds the egg (1 or 2)

Antheridia

microgametophyte; holds the sperm (many)

Heterosporous reproduction evolved multiple times to...

reduce inbreeding

Pterophytes

seedless vascular plants; ferns

Antheridiogens

turns all spores male; to avoid inbreeding

Roots

anchors plant; absorbs water and nutrients

Shoots

supports leaves; transports water and nutrients

Leaves

site of photosynthesis

Epidermal tissue

prevents water loss; protection from UV, wind, desiccation and predators

Ground tissue

all plant tissue that's not epidermal or vascular

Vascular tissue

xylem and phloem

Stomata

Small openings on the underside of leaves that let water, CO2 and H2O in and out

Guard cells

open and close stomata

Trichomes

tiny hairs on stem and leaves; reduce evaporation; trap insects so they don't eat the plant

Root hairs

tiny hairs on roots; increase surface area

Meristematic cells

plant stem cells

Apical meristem

meristem found at the tips of plants for primary growth

Primary growth

growth in length

Secondary growth

growth in thickness

Cambium

vascular tissue that produces xylem and phloem cells as a plant grows

Cork

the outer layer of bark

Cork cambium

replaces bark as tree grows; "shedding"

Xylem

transports water from roots to leaves; rings in trees

Phloem

transports food/sugars from roots to leaves to roots again

Passive transport

transporting substances without exerting energy

Active transport

using energy to transport substances

Trachid

dead cells of "thin straws" that help transport water

Gymnosperms

A plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than seeds enclosed in fruits

Integument

2N protective layer of sporophyte tissue (A in picture); will eventually become the seed

Micropyle

opening in ovule to let in sperm (D in picture)

Megaphylls

leaves with vascular branches/veins

Pollen

endosporic microgametophyte; not sperm yet

Ovule

integumented megasporangium

What stage do most plants besides gymnosperms spend their life?

sporophyte

Gymnosperm life cycle (know the diagram)

Microstrobili

male cones that produce pollen

Ovulate cones

female cones that produce eggs

Why do gymnosperms produce so much pollen compared to eggs?

The pollen must land directly on the micropyle and the chances of that are slim

Tube cells

pollen tube that helps sperm get to the ovule

Gymnosperm ovule (know the diagram)

integument 2N; megasporangium 2N; megagametophyte 1N; embryotic sporangium 2N

How do seeds "know" when to disperse?

cues from temp, smoke, fire

Angiosperms

vascular plants with flowers and fruits

How does double fertilization occur?

one sperm fertilizes two polar nuclei to create a 3N endosperm

Endosperm

3N nutrient rich "lunch box" for embryo

Do angiosperms have an archegonia?

No

The ovary includes...

many ovules, megasporangium --> megaspore --> megagametophyte, embryo

Angiosperm ovule (know the diagram)

ovary wall; integument 2N; megasporangium 2N; endosperm 3N; embryotic sporangium 2N

Stamen

male part of flower; anther and filament

Anther

microsporangium that produces pollen

Filament

Holds up the anther