Fungal infections

most common type of fungal infection in humans, characterized by white spots formed on tongue/uvula

oropharyngeal candidiasis

superficial mycoses (fungi) that stay on the surface of body, easy to manage

dermatophytoses

subcutaneous mycoses formed by puncture wounds that can be acute or non lfie-threatening:

sporotrichosis

which bacteria can lead to systemic mycoses?

candidasis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, aspergillosis

soft tissue infections; UTIs; pneunomia; meningitis; septicemia; chronic and can be life threatening:

systemic mycoses

MOA of dermatophytoses:

secrete keratinase which digests keratin leading to scaling of the skinn, loss of hair and crumbling of nails

Which three fungi make up the dermatophytes causing kin diseases in people and animals?

epidermophytion, trichophyton, microsporum

which fungal infection invades the skin and forms a ring shape with a red raised border (can be anywhere in the body)

tinea corporis

which form of tinea corporis infects the groin and scrotum and is referred to as "jock itch"

tinea cruris

which form of tinea corporis begins between the toes and causes cracking and peeling of the skin? what is required for the infection to grow?

tinea pedis (warm/moist environment)

which form of tinea corporis primarily occurs in children and grows in the hair and scalp resulting in scaly red lesions/loss of hair?

tinea capitis

risk factors of developing oropharyngeal candidiasis

antibiotic use, improper inhaled corticosteroid use, denture use

which form of tinea corporis results in thickened nails that are discolored and brittle?

tinea unguium (onchomycosis)

which fungal infection is due to sporothrix schenckii which resides in soil & plants and is common from a thorn injury as it enters the skin through a small cut or scrape?

sporotrichosis

describe the progression of sporotrichosis:

starts with a small painless nodule (red/pink/purple) and eventually becomes larger in size and looks like an open sore or ulcer, additional bumps may occur

risk factors for vulvovaginal candidiasis:

antibiotic use, oral contraceptives, menses/pregnancy

symptoms of vulvovaginal candidiasis:

vaginal itching, dishcarge, "cottage cheese" white clumps

what other common causes of vaginitis must candidiasis be distinguished from?

BV, trichomoniasis

which fungal infection causes red/macerated near skin folds of infacts due to the warm moist environment?

candidal diaper rash

in immunocompromised patients, candida can cause:

esophagitis, disseminated infections

which fungal infections occur due to the inhalation of spores from soil/bird droppings?

histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidiomycosis

histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, and coccidioidomycosis are typically _______

asymptomatic, destroyed by cell-mediated mechanisms

which fungal infection is endemic in the western hemisphere due to inhalation of dust from haboobs/wind storms?

coccidiomycosis (valley fever)

cryptococcosis typically presents as ___________ while coccidiomycosis and histoplasmosis typically present as

meningoencephalitis, pneumonia

cryptococcis causes meningoencephalitis via:

inhalation/lung infection and spread to the brain via blood

which fungi cause aspergillosis?

aspergillus fumigatis and aspergillus flavis

which fungi carries a toxin causing liver damage and possibly cancer? where is it typically found?

aspergillus flavis, peanuts, corn, grains and rice

where do the fungi of aspergillus flavis typically colonize?

high humidity environments

what is found in fungal cell membranes that is not in humans? what else to fungal eukaryotic cells carry that human eukaryotic cells do not?

ergosterol, chitn, B-glucan, cell wall present in fungi

which anti-fungals typically target ergosterol to open up fungal cell membranes?

polyene antibiotics, ampotericin b, nystatin

which class of anti-fungals inhibit enzymes needed for the synthesis of ergosterol, thus preventing the fungal cell membrane being formed?

azole derivatices, alllylamines

which enzyme do azoles inhibit needed for the synthesis of ergosterol?

14a-demethylase

which enzymes do allylamine drugs inhibit needed for the synthesis of ergosterol?

squaline epoxidase

which anti-fungals work to inhibit formation of the fungal cell wall by targeting B-1,3 glucan synthase? what does this do?

echinocandin drugs, inhibits formation of beta-1,3 glucanf

which anti-fungals inhibit the synthesis of fungal RNA and subsequent fungal protein synthesis by converting to 5-FU (flurouracil) in fungal cells via cytosine deaminase? what happens after this process?

Flucytosines, 5-FU is incorportated into the fungal cells RNA --> no longer replicate

which anti-fungals bind to fungal microtubules and prevent them from participating in cell division?

griseofulvin

which anti-fungals have an unknown MOA?

tolnaftate