BIO FINAL FLASHCARDS

Null Hypothesis Definition

A statement assuming no significant difference or effect exists between tested groups

Taxonomic Levels Order

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species from most to least inclusive

Least Inclusive Taxonomic Level in Practice Question

Genus is the least inclusive taxonomic level among the choices given

Valence Electrons of Sulfur

Sulfur has 6 valence electrons in its outermost shell with atomic number 16

Chemical Bond in H2O Molecule

Polar covalent bond due to unequal sharing of electrons between oxygen and hydrogen

Polar Covalent Bond Feature

Unequal sharing of electrons caused by a large difference in electronegativity

Nonpolar Covalent Bond Feature

Equal sharing of electrons between atoms with similar electronegativity

Isotopes Definition

Atoms of the same element containing different numbers of neutrons

Cation Charge

Positively charged ion formed when an atom loses electrons

Anion Charge

Negatively charged ion formed when an atom gains electrons

Base pH Criteria

A basic solution has a pH greater than 7 or a hydrogen ion concentration less than 1x10^-7 M

Hydrophilic Molecules

Polar or ionic substances that dissolve easily in water such as sugar and salt

Hydrophobic Molecules

Nonpolar substances that do not mix with water such as fats oils and methane

Density of Ice vs Water

Ice is less dense than liquid water because water expands as it freezes

Carboxyl Functional Group Structure

Carbon double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to a hydroxyl group COOH

Ketone Structure

Carbonyl group double bonded to oxygen situated in the middle of a carbon skeleton

Aldehyde Structure

Carbonyl group double bonded to oxygen situated at the end of a carbon skeleton

Structural Isomers

Molecules sharing the same formula but possessing different covalent bond arrangements

Cis-Trans Isomers

Molecules with same formula but different spatial arrangements around a double bond

Enantiomers

Isomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other

Dehydration Synthesis Condensation

Reaction that joins monomers into polymers while releasing a water molecule

Hydrolysis Reaction

Reaction that breaks down polymers into monomers by consuming a water molecule

Protein Monomers and Bonds

Amino acids linked by peptide bonds in primary structure and hydrogen bonds in secondary structure

Carbohydrate Polymer Bond

Glycosidic linkage connecting monosaccharides together

Nucleic Acid Polymer Bond

Phosphodiester bond connecting nucleotides in a nucleic acid chain

Saturated Fat Carbon Chain

Lipid containing only single bonds between all carbon atoms in the chain

Unsaturated Fat Carbon Chain

Lipid containing at least one double bond between carbon atoms in the chain

Pyrimidines List

Single ring nitrogenous bases consisting of Cytosine Thymine and Uracil

Purines List

Double ring nitrogenous bases consisting of Adenine and Guanine

Organelle Not in All Cells

Cell wall is present in plant cells and prokaryotes but absent in animal cells

Lysosome Function

Membrane-bound organelle filled with acidic digestive enzymes to degrade macromolecules and waste

Organelles Unique to Animal Cells

Lysosomes and centrosomes are present in animal cells but absent in plant cells

Organelles Unique to Plant Cells

Cell wall chloroplasts and a central vacuole are present in plant cells but absent in animal cells

Rough ER Function

Membrane network studded with ribosomes that produces proteins and polypeptides

Smooth ER Function

Membrane network that synthesizes lipids detoxifies drugs and stores calcium ions

Simple Diffusion Feature

Passive transport of small nonpolar molecules straight through the bilayer without proteins

Facilitated Diffusion Feature

Passive transport of polar or charged molecules down concentration gradient using carrier or channel proteins

Cell Osmosis Practice Calculation

Cell with 45 percent water placed in 65 percent water solution is hypertonic to solution and will lyse

Hypertonic Solution Definition

Solution with higher solute concentration and lower water concentration relative to the cell

Hypotonic Solution Definition

Solution with lower solute concentration and higher water concentration relative to the cell

Cell Lysis vs Crenation

Lyse means to burst in hypotonic solution while crenate means to shrivel in hypertonic solution

Anabolic Pathway Characteristics

Endergonic pathway with positive delta G that requires energy to build complex molecules

Catabolic Pathway Characteristics

Exergonic pathway with negative delta G that releases energy by breaking down molecules

Enzyme Mechanism

Speeds up chemical reactions specifically by lowering the activation energy barrier

Pyruvate Oxidation Location

Mitochondrial matrix inside the mitochondria

Citric Acid Cycle Location

Mitochondrial matrix inside the mitochondria

Glycolysis Location

Cytosol or cytoplasm of the cell

Oxidative Phosphorylation Location

Inner mitochondrial membrane where electron transport chain and ATP synthase reside

Electron Transport Chain Flow Path

Electrons travel from Complex I or II to Mobile Carrier Q to Complex III to Mobile Carrier C to Complex IV

NADH Entry in ETC

Transfers high-energy electrons into Protein Complex I

FADH2 Entry in ETC

Transfers high-energy electrons into Protein Complex II

Chemiosmosis Power Source

Diffusion of hydrogen ions flowing down concentration gradient through ATP synthase

Citric Acid Cycle Products per Glucose

Produces 4 CO2 molecules 6 NADH molecules 2 ATP molecules and 2 FADH2 molecules

Glycolysis Net Products per Glucose

Produces 2 pyruvate molecules 2 net ATP molecules and 2 NADH molecules

Fermentation Purpose

Recycles NAD+ under anaerobic conditions by performing only glycolysis

Light Reactions Location

Thylakoid membrane inside chloroplasts

Calvin Cycle Location

Stroma fluid inside chloroplasts

Calvin Cycle Products

Produces 9 ADP 6 NADP+ and 6 G3P molecules

Light Dependency of Calvin Cycle

False because Calvin cycle is light-independent although it relies on products from light reactions

Mitosis Sister Chromatid Calculation 2n=24

If 2n equals 24 chromosomes duplicate during S phase to form 48 sister chromatids in prophase

Products of Mitosis

Two genetically identical diploid daughter cells

Prometaphase Events in Mitosis

Nuclear envelope breaks down and kinetochores form at the centromere of each chromatid

Anaphase Events in Mitosis

Microtubules pull sister chromatids apart to opposite poles of the cell

Prophase Events in Mitosis

Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes and nucleolus disappears

Gap 2 Checkpoint Requirement

Cell passes G2 checkpoint by accumulating high cyclin levels to activate MPF

Products of Meiosis I

Two haploid daughter cells containing duplicated chromosomes

Products of Meiosis II

Four genetically unique haploid daughter cells

Tetrad Calculation in Prophase I 2n=24

If 2n equals 24 there are 48 chromatids grouped into 12 tetrads

Tetrad Definition

A pair of homologous chromosomes consisting of 4 chromatids aligned together during synapsis

Crossing Over Occurs When

Prophase I of meiosis between non-sister chromatids of a tetrad

Meiosis Starting Cell Type

Diploid parent cell that undergoes two rounds of cell division

Leading Strand Template Identification

The DNA template strand running 3 prime to 5 prime toward the unzipping replication fork

Helicase Function

Unwinds and separates the double-stranded DNA helix at replication origins

Topoisomerase Function

Relieves strain and overwinding ahead of replication forks

Primase Function

Synthesizes short RNA primers to provide a 3 prime OH group for DNA polymerase

DNA Polymerase III Function

Adds complementary DNA nucleotides continuously or discontinuously to build new strand

DNA Ligase Function

Joins Okazaki fragments together on the lagging strand by forming phosphodiester bonds

Gametes Produced by Genotype HhGG

Produces two distinct gamete types HG and hG

Monohybrid Cross Bb x bb Probability

50 percent probability of producing homozygous recessive bb white coat offspring

Dihybrid Cross BBRr x bbrr Ratio

Phenotype ratio is 1 to 1 long tail small ears to long tail big ears

Dihybrid Cross Heterozygous Parents Ratio

Crossing two double heterozygotes BbRr x BbRr always yields a 9 to 3 to 3 to 1 ratio

Incomplete Dominance Definition

Inheritance pattern where heterozygotes display an intermediate blended phenotype

Codominance Definition

Inheritance pattern where both alleles are expressed fully and simultaneously in heterozygotes

Autosomal Recessive Pedigree Individual 8 Genotype

Individual 8 must be heterozygous Rr because they inherited a recessive allele from an affected parent

Nonsense Mutation Definition

Point mutation that changes an amino acid codon into a premature stop codon

Missense Mutation Definition

Point mutation that changes an amino acid codon into a different amino acid codon

Silent Mutation Definition

Point mutation that changes a codon without changing the encoded amino acid

Eukaryotic mRNA Modifications

Addition of a 5 prime cap and a 3 prime poly-A tail to protect mRNA and facilitate ribosome binding

Protein Synthesis Starting Phase

Transcription where DNA is unwound and used as a template to synthesize mRNA

Translation Codon 5-ACC-UAU-UGA-3 Sequence

Translates to Thr-Tyr-Stop sequence according to the genetic code table

Start Codon

AUG which codes for Methionine

Stop Codons List

UAA UAG and UGA which signal termination of translation