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Pediatric Bipolar Disorders
Disorders characterized by mood swings in children and adolescents, including manic and depressive episodes.
Mania
A discrete period of elevated, expansive, or irritable mood with increased energy and activity.
DSM-5
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, used for diagnosing mental health conditions.
Pediatric Bipolar I Disorder
A disorder involving at least one manic episode, possibly followed by depressive or hypomanic episodes.
Pediatric Bipolar II Disorder
A disorder characterized by at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode without severe impairment.
Cyclothymic Disorder
A disorder defined by periods of hypomanic and depressive symptoms lasting at least one year without meeting full criteria for episodes.
Manic Episode
A distinct period of abnormally elevated mood and increased activity lasting at least one week.
Hypomanic Episode
A distinct period of elevated mood and increased activity lasting at least four days but less than one week.
Psychotic Features
Symptoms such as hallucinations or delusions that can occur in pediatric bipolar disorders.
Externalizing Behavior Problems
Behavioral issues that may co-occur with pediatric bipolar disorders, such as Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD).
Prevalence
The rate of occurrence of pediatric bipolar disorders, estimated at 1.9% in the general population.
Risk Factors
Factors that increase the likelihood of developing pediatric bipolar disorders, including genetic predisposition and environmental stressors.
Emotion Regulation
The ability to manage and respond to emotional experiences, often impaired in youth with bipolar disorders.
Assessment Tools
Methods used to evaluate pediatric bipolar disorders, including self-report questionnaires and medical exams.
Medication
The primary treatment for pediatric bipolar disorders, with various medications prescribed to manage symptoms.
Psychotherapy
Therapeutic interventions aimed at teaching coping skills and improving family communication in youth with bipolar disorders.
Family-Focused Treatment
A therapeutic approach that involves the family in managing bipolar disorder to improve communication and reduce expressed emotion.
Dopamine Hypothesis
A theory suggesting that excessive dopamine activity contributes to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
Expressed Emotion (EE)
The level of criticism, hostility, or emotional overinvolvement displayed by family members toward a person with a mental health disorder.
Neurodevelopmental Model
A framework explaining how early stressors and genetic factors contribute to the development of schizophrenia.
