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What does CPI measure?
The overall cost of goods and services bought by a typical consumer.
Steps to calculate CPI
Fix basket → Find prices → Compute cost → Choose base year → Compute CPI → Compute inflation rate.
Substitution bias
Consumers switch to cheaper goods; CPI overstates cost of living.
New goods bias
More variety makes dollars more valuable; CPI overstates inflation.
Unmeasured quality change
CPI fails to fully account for product quality improvements.
Difference between CPI and GDP deflator
CPI includes imports; GDP deflator excludes them. CPI excludes capital goods; GDP deflator includes them.
Formula to convert past to present value
Amount today = Amount past × (CPI today / CPI past).
Indexation
Automatic inflation adjustment by law or contract (e.g., COLA, Social Security).
Nominal interest rate
Interest rate not corrected for inflation.
Real interest rate
Nominal rate minus inflation rate.