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Mass Wasting
downslope movement of earth material due to force of gravity. Water can play a role
Vector
Symbolizes a variable that has magnitude (length) and direction (angle)
normal force
normal to slope that acts perpendicular into the slope; Wcos
shear force
acting parallel to slope; Wsin
Strength
resistance to stress
Shear strength
resistance to shear stress
effective normal stress
rock (mass wasting)
detaching as solid rock that generates few lines and deposits large chunks of rock
soil (mass wasting)
relatively thin layer of unconsolidated fine grain feature
Earth (mass wasting)
many feet thick layer of unconsolidated fine grain feature
Debris (mass wasting)
Very poorly sorted, dry with at least 20% of gravel
Mud (mass wasting)
Saturated fine-grained sediments, mostly consists of silt and clay
Slow mass wasting
You cannot see this type of mass wasting overtime, but you can see some cumulative effects
Stem Flow
water flows down a plant’s stem or trunk which delays delivery of water to the surface
Throughflow
Water from rain seeps through the surface and flows through the ground
Return Flow
Water that has seeped into the ground by throughflow, flows back out on the surface
Base Flow
Groundwater seeps out into a stream
Sheetwash
Unchannelized flow
Stream
Channelized flow
Ephemeral Flow
Water is temporary that only flows before or after a rainstorm or snowmelt. Typically, in arid climates however there can be very small channel examples in any climate.
Intermittent Flow
Water flow is seasonal typically during the wet season or semiarid or wet dry climates.
Perennial Flow
Water all year regardless of rain as it is fed by groundwater.
Rills
first channels to form, tiny, inches deep/inches wide, ephemeral flow
Gullies
next size up from rills, few feet wide, few feet deep, ephemeral flow in any climate
First-Order Channels
Channels that are perennial flows but no perennial tributaries, fed mostly by gullies, however it is groundwater fed to stay active all year
Tributaries
Contributes its flow to a larger stream
Stream System
Connected network of tributaries
Stream Order
Channel’s position in system hierarchy with higher orders being larger channels with lower elevation
Drainage Basin
Region drained by a given stream system
Drainage Area
Size of drainage basin (mi²,km²)
Drainage Divide
Boundary around drainage basin that has some kind of high ground
Base Level
Lowest position the stream flows to
Ultimate Base Level
sea level
Regional base level
topographic low more inland basin typically arid climates
Temporary base level
consists of resistant rock along the stream that holds water
Exterior drainage
Stream system reaches the ocean
Interior drainage
Stream system ends at a regional base level
Rating Curve
empirical relationship between gage height (or pressure in intake pipe) versus discharge at a gaging station.
Manning Equation
Used to find velocity necessary for reconstructing past discharge from flow evidence
competence
max. size clast the stream can carry at its present velocity.
