Eukaryotic Cells

Cell

• basic biological unit of all known living organisms

• consists of cytoplasm contained within a cell membrane, sometimes called a plasma membrane

cell membrane

• surrounds the cytoplasm of the cell

• separates and protects cell from its environment

• double layer of phospholipids - makes it very flexible

• able to host various proteins

• semi or selectively permeable

cytoplasm

• contains all of the material in the cell excluding the cell nucleus 

• comprised of cytosol, a gel-like substance which is enclosed by the cell membrane, and all other organelles 

nucleus 

• typically one in each cell, but there are exceptions for certain specialized cells 

• contains most of a cells DNA molecules organized as chromosomes 

• Kept seperate from cytoplasm by nuclear envelope 

  • phospholipid bilayer

  • nuclear pores

mitochondria 

• generate ATP 

• source of chemical energy 

Endoplasmic reticulum

• dynamic structure 

• largest organelle in cell 

• produces proteins 

• stores calcium 

• metabolises lipids 

• Rough and Smooth 

  • rough is studded with ribosomes and is major part of protein translation 

  • smooth forms and stores lipids such as cholesterol and phospholipids 

ribosomes

• translate genetic code into proteins 

• 70s for prokaryotes 

• 80s for eukaryotes 

Golgi apparatus

• packages proteins for dispersal throughout the cell or outside the cell via secretory vesicles

lysosome and peroxisome

• rich in enzymes

• responsible for breaking down many kinds of biomolecules

• peroxisomes break down hazardous waste and reduce damaging reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide)