ITP: Chapter 1

Science or study

Logos

Mind of soul

Psyche

Study of the mind and the scientific study of behavior

Psychology

any response or reaction to a stimulus.

Behavior

Natural/Instincts

Innate

Learned

Acquired

Examples of these are tick disorders, beating of the heart, and breathing

Involuntary

Examples of these are coping mechanisms, decisions, and choices

Voluntary

A person is aware that they are doing certain things.

Conscious

A person is unaware of their actions and they’re completely oblivious that they’re transforming as another person

Unconscious

Basic structures or elements components of consciousness. This is also the first school of psychology and the major tool for this is Introspection.

Structuralism

He is the father of psychology

Wilhem Wundt

How the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play.

Functionalism

It is holism. This also means “good figure” and it focuses on sensation and perception

Gestalt psychology

This focuses on the unconscious and this theory was based on the work of Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalysis

This focuses on observable behavior only. It is the basic data of scientific psychology.

Behaviorism

It focuses on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of other motivations behind a person’s behavior than sexual motivations

Psychodynamic Perspective

Enumerate the psychologists who shared theories about the psychodynamic perspective

1. Sigmund Freud

2. Carl Jung

3. Alfred Adler

4. Erik Erikson

5. Karen Horney

Examines how we understand and think about the world

Cognitive Perspective

It looks at man as a rational being endowed with intellect and will.

Phenomenological Perspective

An extensive network of specialized cells that carry information to and from all parts of the body.

Nervous System

The nervous system is made up of two types of cells. Enumerate these two.

Neurons and Glial cells

Information processors that connect and transmit messages in the nervous system. Basic cells and building blocks of the nervous system.

Neurons

Provides scaffolding on which the nervous system is built and they support the neurons. This also support the neurons.

Glial Cells

A neuron outer surface is made up of?

Semipermeable membrane

These are branch-like structures that receive messages from other neurons

Dendrites

This is the cell body of the neuron. Responsible for maintaining the life of the cell

Soma

This is a long, tube-like structure that carries the neural message to other calls

Axon

A white fatty coating on axon; coats and insulates axon and makes messages flow down axon quicker and more efficiently

Myelin/Myelin Sheath

These are positive or negative charged particles in the fluids that bathe the neuron inside and out. This also generates an electrical charge which sends messages down the axon

Ions

This is the name for the electrical charge generated by the ions which sends messages down the axon

Action Potential

The electrical charge that travels down the axon

Depolarization

The state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse

Resting Potential

These are sack-like structures found at the terminal buttons which are at the end of the axon and they contain chemicals

Synaptic-vesicles

Chemical found in the synaptic vesicles which, when released, has an effect on the next cell

Neurotransmitter

(NEUROTRANSMITTER) Involved in every move because it transmits messages relating to our skeletal muscles. Involved in memory and may lead to Alzheimer’s

ACETYLCHOLINE (Ach)

(NEUROTRANSMITTER) Plays a role in memory

GLUTAMATE

(NEUROTRANSMITTER) Found in brain & spinal cord. Moderates behaviors (eating to aggression)

GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID (GABA)

(NEUROTRANSMITTER)Movement, attention, and learning. Drugs with significant dopamine release are found effective in physical and mental ailments like Parkinsons’s

DOPAMINE

(NEUROTRANSMITTER) Associated with the regulation of sleep, eating, mood, and pain. Has a movement with alcoholism, depression suicide, impulsivity, aggression, and coping with stress

SEROTONIN

(NEUROTRANSMITTER) Similar in structures to painkilling drugs such as morphine. Release of the reflects the brain’s effort to deal with pain and elevate mood. Might also explain the phenomenon of placebos.

ENDORPHINS

The action potential causes synaptic vesicles to release the neurotransmitters into the synapse

Neuron Communication

Sites on the dendrites which receive neurotransmitter. The neurotransmitter fits into the receptor sites like a key into a lock

Receptors

Neurons are also called?

Nerve Cells

Complex neural network carrying information throughout the body

Nervous System

This consist of the brain and spinal cord

Central Nervous System

The primary means of transmitting messages between brain & body. This also has the memory for pain.

Spinal Cord

This consists of the neurons with long axons and dendrites

Peripheral Nervous System

Records the electrical activity of the brain

ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM (EEG)

Biochemical activity within the brain

POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET) SCAN

Detailed, 3D image of the brain. Functioning of the brain

FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (fMRI)

Causes momentary interruption of neural activity

TRANSERANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION (TMS)

What part of the brain is this?

Hippocampus

What part of the brain is this?

Hypothalamus

What part of the brain is this?

Cerebrum

What part of the brain is this?

Cerebellum

What part of the brain is this?

Amygdala

What part of the brain is this?

Medulla

What part of the brain is this?

Pituitary glands

What part of the brain is this?

Spinal Cord

What part of the brain is this?

Reticular formation

What part of the brain is this?

Pons

What part of the brain is this?

Brain Stem

What part of the brain is this?

Corpus callosum

What part of the brain is this?

Thalamus

The convoluted part of the brain. It is involved in sensing, thinking, learning, emotion, consciousness, and voluntary movement

Cerebrum

This is responsible for sophisticated, uniquely human information processing

Cerebral cortex

(Lobes of the brain) body sensation

PARIETAL LOBE

(Lobes of the brain) vision

OCCIPITAL LOBE

(Lobes of the brain) hearing and advanced visual processing

TEMPORAL LOBE

(Lobes of the brain) cognition, recent memory, planning of movement, and some aspects of emotions

FRONTAL LOBE

The part of the cortex that is largely responsible for the body’s voluntary movement

MOTOR AREA

The site in the brain of the tissue that corresponds to each of the sense, with the degree of sensitivity related to the amount of tissue allocated to that senses

SENSORY AREA

One of the major regions of the cerebral cortex; the site of the higher mental processes such as thought, language, memory, and speech

ASSOCIATION AREA

Dominance of one hemisphere in specific functions

Lateralization

Bridge of fibers passing information between the two cerebral hemisphere

Corpus Callosum

It controls a variety of basic functions relating to emotion, learning, memory, pleasure, and self-preservation; includes the amygdala and hippocampus

Limbic System

relay center for incoming sensory information

Thalamus

Limbic system structure involved in emotion and aggression; emotional processing

Amygdala

limbic system structure involved in learning and memory; memory processing

Hippocampus

regulates basic biological needs: hunger, thirst, temperature control; master clock.

Hypothalamus

The main role of the hypothalamus is to keep the body in this current state

Homeostasis

Pituitary Gland

“master” gland that regulates other endocrine glands center of human sexuality and reproduction

Connects all parts of the CNS: Cerebral Cortex, Cerebrum, and Spinal Cord. It sends information to and receive order from the brain.

Brain Stem

Integrates information from inner ear (sense of balance); involved in sleep and dreaming; facial sensitivity

Pons

Regulates vital functions like breathing and circulation

Medulla

Group of fibers related to sleep and arousal through the brain stem

Reticular Formation

Coordinates fine muscle movements, balance. It is the Latin word for “little brain”

Cerebellum

Transmits info between brain and rest of the body; handles simple reflexes

Spinal Cord

Carries messages to the central Nervous system. Afferent

Sensory neurons

Carries messages from the central Nervous system. Efferent

Motor neurons

The division for the fight or flight response. It prepares the body for action in stressful situations.

Sympathetic Division

It maintains the normal function and restores the body’s state. It calms the body after the stressful situation ended.

Parasympathetic Division

It is the chemical communication network; sends messages throughout the body via hormones in the bloodstream.

The Endocrine system

regulate the functioning or growth of the body

Hormones

secretes hormones that control growth and other parts of the endocrine system

Pituitary Gland (master gland)

This controls the pituitary gland

Hypothalamus

Regulates growth, water and salt metabolism. Controls thyroid, ovaries, testes, pancreas, and adrenal cortex.

Pituitary gland

Small, pinecone shaped gland. Secretes hormone metabolism, directed by light. Helps your body know when it’s time to sleep/circadian rhythm

Pineal Gland

Located at the neck. Regulates metabolism through secretion of hormones (thyroxin)

Thyroid