A&P Exam 1

Ch. 1-4

Superior

Toward head/Above

Inferior

Away from head/Below

Anterior (Ventral)

Toward Front

Posterior (Dorsal)

Toward the back

Medial

Toward Midline (vertical)

Lateral

Sides of body (vertical)

Proximal

Close to Torso

Distal

Far from Torso

Superficial

Toward/near the surface of skin

Deep

Under surface of skin

The heart is ____ to the lungs.

Medial

The skin is ___ to the muscles.

Superficial

The nose is _____ to the ears.

Medial

The elbow is ____ to the wrist.

Proximal

Top Of Head (brain area)

Cranial

Neck

Cervical

Chest

Thoracic

Abdomen

Abdominal

Pelvis

Pelvic

Arm

Brachial

Forearm

Antebrachial

Wrist

Carpal

Thigh

Femoral

Lower leg

Crural

Ankle

Tarsal

Foot

Pedal

Saggittal

Left and Right Split (down the middle)

Frontal/Coronal

Anterior/Posterior Split (front/back)

Transverse

Superior/Inferior Split (upper/lower)

Oblique

Angle split cut

Posterior/Dorsal Body Cavity

Cranial Cavity

• Brain

Vertebral Cavity

• Spinal cord

Anterior/Ventral Body Cavity

Thoracic Cavity

• Pleural Cavity - Lungs

• Mediastinum - Esophagus/Trachea

• Pericardial Cavity - Heart

Abdominopelvic Cavity

• Abdominal Cavity - Stomach, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Spleen, Kidneys, Small intestine, Large intestine

• Pelvic Cavity - Bladder, Rectum, Reproductive organs

Serous Membranes

Parietal - Lines outside wall of cavity (parent hugs outside)

Visceral - Covers the organ directly

Pleura - Lungs

Pericardium - Heart

Peritoneum - Abdominal/pelvic Organs

ex:

Parietal Pericardium - lines the cavity of heart

Visceral Pleura - covers lungs

Abdominal Quadrants

Right Upper Quadrant

• Liver

• Gallbladder

• Right Kidney

• Pancreas

• Large Intestine

Left Upper Quadrant

• Stomach

• Spleen

• Left Kidney

• Pancreas

• Large Intestine

Right Lower Quadrant

• Appendix

• Cecum

• Small Intestine

• Right Ureter

• Reproductive Organs

Left Lower Quadrant

• Small Intestine

• Colon

• Left Ureter

• Reproductive Organs

Abdominal Regions (9)

Right Hypochondriac ; Epigastric ; Left Hypochondriac

Right Lumbar ; Umbilical ; Left Lumbar

Right Iliac ; Hypogastric ; Left Iliac

Inorganic Molecules + Organic Molecules

Inorganic: No Carbon atoms (except CO,CO2)

ex: Water, Salts, Acids, Bases

Organic: Contain Carbon, Covalently Bonded

Water (Inorganic)

• High Heat Capacity

• High Heat Vaporization

• Solvent/Polarity (universal solvent)

• Reactivity (hydrolysis & dehydration reactions)

• Hydrolysis: Reaction-Water Mol is added

• Dehydration: Reaction-Water Mol is removed

• Cushioning

Salts (Inorganic)

Ionic compound w/ cations + anions

Roles:

• Impulse Transmission

• Muscle Contraction

Acid (Inorganic)

Proton donors: releases H+ ions

Carbohydrates (Organic)

Contents: Sugar + Starch

• Basic structure C, H, O 1:2:1

Functions:

• Fuel - Glucose broken down to synthesize ATP

• Cell Structure - cell membrane

ex: Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, Polysaccharide (Glycogen, Starch)

Lipids (Organic)

Nonpolar (not water-soluble)

ex: Phospholipids, Triglycerides, Steroids, Glycerol, Fatty Acids

Proteins (Organic)

Categories

Transport - Blood hemoglobin transports O2

Hormones - Regulate metabolism

Defense - Antibodies, inflammatory response

Molecular Chaperones - Protein folding

Fibrous Proteins:

• Structural Protein: Collagen/Kertain

• Movement: Actin/Myosin

Globular Proteins: Functional: Enzymes

ex: Amino Acids, Polypeptides

Cell Theory - What is it?

1. Cell: Structural & functional unit of life

2. Organism’s activities depend on individual and collective cell activities

3. Principle of Complementarity: biochem cell activities dictated by cell structures

4. Continuity of life: cellular basis

Membrane Proteins (functions)

• Transport

• Signal Receptors

• Enzymatic activity

• Cell-cell recognition + joining

• Attachment to Extracellular Matrix (ecm)

Passive transport + Active transport

Passive:

• No ATP needed

• Diffusion down concentration gradient

• Kinetic Eng dependent

• Speed determined by size + temp (small/warm=fast)

• Occurs if molecule is: lipid-soluble, small, uses carrier

  • Ex: Simple Diffusion, Osmosis, Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion, Channel-mediated facilitated Diffusion

Active:

• ATP as energy source

• Large/Solute non-dissolvable in water

• Unable to move w/ conc gradient

Exocytosis - Active transport process where mem-bound vesicle moves to plasma mem → proteins at vesicle surface bind w/ plasma mem→vesicle+plasma mem fuse and open a “pore”→ vesicle releases contents(waste) outside cell

Endocytosis (3 types) - Active transport process where a cell brings in outside substances by folding its plasma mem inwards to create a vesicle.

• Phagocytosis: “cell eating”

• Pinocytosis: “cell drinking”

• Receptor-mediated: “targets mols and binds them to surface receptors before being brought inside”

Tonicity + Osmosis

Osmosis: Diffusion of a SOLVENT (water) thru a channel protein/ the lipid bilayer

Isotonic: Same solute concentration inside/outside cell

Hypertonic: Higher solute concentration outside cell; loses water→shrink

Hypotonic: Lower solute concentration outside cell; gains water→bursts

Mitochondria

Cell Resp - creates ATP (glucose + oxygen → h2o + co2 + ATP)

Rough ER

Protein synthesis + folding → sends to Golgi Apparatus

Ribosome

Site of protein synthesis (translation)

Smooth ER

Its proteins catalyze reactions

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies, packages, releases proteins

Lysosome

Uses enzymes to breakdown cell waste + glycogen

Peroxisome

• Detoxifies substances; membranous sacs of powerful enzymes

• SMALLER than Lysosome

Cytoskeleton

Structure + Support via microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments

Centrosome + Centrioles

Organize mitotic spindle during cell division

Nuclear Envelope

Double mem, Big pores (selectively permeable)

Nucleolus

Produces/Assembles Ribosomes

Chromosome

• Made up of condensed Chromatin, compact to protect DNA

• Chromatin: DNA wrapped around protein histones

Protein Synthesis

1) Transcription: in nucleus, copies DNA into RNA

2) Translation: in the cytoplasm on ribosome, mRNA binds ribosome→tRNA transfers amino acids to ribosome→peptide bonds form→protein created

• Anticodon

• Start codon: AUG

• Stop codon: UGA, UAG, UAA

Transfer tRNA: tail = holds amino acid, head = holds anticodon

Ribosomal rRNA: part of ribosome

Messenger mRNA: nucleotide strands (half DNA)

Tissues: Levels of Organization

1. Subatomic particles

2. Atoms

3. Molecule

4. Organelle

5. Cell

6. Tissue

7. Organ (Connective tissue→Smooth muscle tissue→Epithelial tissue)

8. Organ system

9. Organism

4 Tissue Types

Nervous: Internal comms (Brain, Nerves)

Muscle: Contracts to cause movement.

• Skeletal: Voluntary movement in Bones

• Cardiac: Involuntary movement in Heart

• Smooth: Involuntary movement in Body Cavities

Epithelial (Epidermis): Protects, secretes, absorbs, filters. Classified by # cell layers, cell shape

Connective: Connects between brain→body (Bones,Cartilage,Blood)

Epithelial Tissues

Function; Location

Simple Squamous: Diffusion; Areoli of lung/capillaries.

Simple Cuboidal: Filtration/absorption; Kidney

Simple Columnar: Absorption; Small intestine

Pseudostratified Columnar: Secretion; Trachea

Stratified Squamous: Protection; Skin/Mouth/Esophagus/Rectum

Transitional Epithelium: Stretch/Distend; Urinary System

Connective Tissues

Cartilage: Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage

Blood: Soluble, Liquid ECM

Bone:

• Osteoblasts secrete ECM

• Osteocytes mature bone cells

CT Proper:

• Loose: Areolar, Adipose, Reticular

• Dense: Regular, Irregular, Elastic

Groin

Inguinal

Reproductive region

Pubic

Back of knee

Popliteal

Knee

Patellar

Fingers

Digital

Lower back

Lumbar

Bottom of foot

Plantar

Back of Hand

Manual

Belly button

Umbilical

Back of foot/Heel

Calcaneal

Full head

Cephalic

Front of Hand

Palmar

Calf

Sural

Butt

Gluteal

Ear

Otic

Mouth

Oral

Chin

Mental

Forehead

Frontal

Cheek

Buccal

Nose

Nasal

Back of neck

Nuchal

Spine

Vertebral

Middle of chest

Sternal

Eye

Occipital

Shoulder blade (Back)

Scapular

Nipple

Mammary

Shoulder

Acromial