hd exam

What are the parts to integrating human dimensions into management and research?

Organisms, People, and Land Habitat. All relate to resources.

Descriptive Studies

data from questions are analyzed discretely or lumped into meaningful subgroups. Useful but limited

Conceptual Studies

data from questions analyzed to examine patterns in responses.  Searches for underlying reasons/attitudes.

Nature-oriented typologies

Naturalistic and Ecologistic

Naturalistic Typology

interest in and affection for wildlife and outdoors (ex. hikers, bird-watching, anglers, hunters)

Ecologistic Typology

environment as a system

Human-oriented typologies

Humanistic, Moralistic, Scientistic, Aesthetic, Utilitarian, Dominionistic, Negativistic, Neutralistic

Humanistic Typology

interest in and affection for individual animals. Focus on charismatic megafauna, usually with anthropogenic associations (ex. whale-watchers, marine mammal or other animal rescuers)

Moralistic Typology

interest in treatment of animals (ex. PETA members)

Scientistic Typology

interest in physiology and biology of animals (ex. academics, zoo types)

Aesthetic Typology

interest in artistic and symbolic roles of animals (ex. artists, art appreciators, Native American religious leaders)

Utilitarian Typology

interest in practical and material value of animals or animals habitat.  Less common in developed world than developing world and less common now than in past (ex. trappers, whalers)

Dominionistic Typology

interest in mastery and control of animals (ex. cock-fighters, running of the bulls)

Negativistic Typology

active avoidance of animals due to dislike or fear (ex. Pilgrims)

Neutralistic Typology

passive avoidance due to indifference or lack of interest (ex. technophiles)

Anthropocentric Ethics (Environmental Philosophies)

Only humans possess inherent value.

Other organisms value is in relation to humans.

Environmental degredation only matters in terms of impacts to human interests

Social Ecology (Env. Philosophy)

All environmental problems are the result of human behavior.

Addressing social injustices in cultural, economic, and political conditions will solve environmental problems.

Strong Animal Rights: Viewpoint 1

Utilitarian Animal Rights states that only values are pleasure (to be increased) and pain (to be decreased). 

All sentient beings deserve the same treatment

Strong Animal Rights: Viewpoint 2

Interests-Based Animal Rights states that all sentient life has inherent value.

Has no concern about pleasure and pain.

Weak Animal Rights

Nonhuman animals have inherent value, however, value may be unequal. 

Value of animal proportional to sentience.

Similar to Judeo-Christo-Islamic values of the Western montheistic traditions and their associated societies.

Biocentric Ethics

Inherent value is extended beyond animals to all living things.

Some Eastern religious traditions, like Jainism in India, closely fit this.

Ecocentric/Land Ethics

Ethical duty is not to individual plants and animals.

Ethical duty is to ecosystem.

Value of an organisms depends on value to the larger ecosystem (e.g., destructive or parasitic organisms have less value)

Closely associated with Aldo Leopold

Deep Ecology

Social structures are not to blame, rather unequal distribution among humans and between humans with plants and animals and overpopulation of humans are the problem.

Decentralization, increased cultural awareness and sensitivity, and de-globilization (e.g., local foods movements) are solutions.

Ecofeminism

advocating a gender-neutral approach to assigning value (i.e., non-patriarchical – the animals of the world are not the sheep to our shepherd) to a viewpoint that links oppression of women, and by extension minorities, to the degredation (oppression) of nature.

Androcentrism is rejected (i.e., the relationship of humans with nature is not father to children or steward to charge).

Naturalistic and Scientistic is Similar to

Weak Animal Rights

Ecologistic is similar to

Ecocentric Ethics

Humanistic is similar to

Strong Animal Rights - Interest-based

Moralistic is Similar to

Strong Animal Rights - Utilitarian

Biocentic is similar to

Deep Ecology (no social justice component)

Aesthetic, Utilitarian, Dominionistic, Negativistic, and Neutralistic are similar to

Anthropocentric Ethics

These Ethics don’t have a Kellert Typology comparison

Ecofeminism, Social Ecology, Deep Ecology (Social Justice component)

What is the cognitive approach?

-Examines concepts (e.g. values, attitudes, and norms) underlying the process from thought to action AND the relationship among those concepts.

-May be used predictively.

-More common traditionally in human dimensions.

Cognitions

the collections of mental processes and activities used in perceiving, remembering, thinking, and understanding, as well as the act of using these processes.

Typically these are considered as a hierarchy.

Values

desirable end states, modes of conduct, or qualities of life that we individually or collectively hold dear. Ex. Gender equality or freedom of expression

Basic Beliefs

thoughts about specific objects or issues that give meaning to values

  - patterns may suggest overall value orientation

Value Orientation

“direction” or application of a value. Useful across cultures.  Ex. Equality may be applied to all living things or just to humans.

Attitudes

a person’s evaluation, either favorable or unfavorable, of a person, object, concept, or action.

-Predict and influence behaviors

-Changing attitudes necessary to affect long-term behavior change

-Focus of most human dimension research

Specificity

how closely the attitude relates to an issue

Salience

how easily and quickly thoughts come to mind (how accessible are the thoughts?). High ______ is considered indicative of strength of attitude.

Norms

standards of behavior. specify what people should do or what most people do. directly influence behavior. describe and predict behavior.

Social Norms

standards shared by a group

Personal Norms

individuals own expectations, learned from shared experiences and modified by interaction

Crystallization

amount of agreement

Low crystallization

one group negative, two groups positive

High Crystallization

all groups feeling the same/similar amounts of enjoyment

High Salience

right of the graph (extreme view on enjoyment)

Cognitive Model

Closer to Behavior: Numerous, Faster to Change, Peripheral, Situational
Closer to Values: Fewer, slower to change, central to beliefs, transcendental

Motivational Theory

attempts to address the multiple expectations or objectives that may explain the reasons for different participations (i.e. multiple satisfactions are possible for an activity).

Motivations

cognitive forces that drive people to achieve particular goal states.

Motivational research provides benefits to management

1)identifying benefits of leisure to set program priorities;

2) identifying multiple motivations that may be simultaneously accommodated to maximize management objectives;

3)identify sources of user conflicts;

4) identify substitutable activities;

5) identify and manage crowding.

Satisfaction

cognitive evaluation of experience based on our expectations for the outcome of that experience

-Constituent ____ was and still is basis for measuring success of programs

-Can be site specific or reflect broader concept

Expectations

desired outcome from an experience

Expectancy-value Theory

behavioral choice comes from motivation and ability

Dissatisfaction

occurs when evaluation of experience falls short of expectations for outcome

Experience < Desired Outcome

Motivational Theory

Constraints

barriers to engagement:  participation in natural resource activities; involvement in issues; or volunteering in natural resource management

Personal Constraints

relate to their personal ability to engage or participate (internal constraints).

Ex. financial situation, time, conflicting activities, knowledge (includes where, when, how), social barriers (no partner to share participation, don’t know anyone who participates), health

Situational Constraints

perceived as out of the control of the individual (external constraints).

Managerial Constraints

Situational constraints that are controllable by natural resources managers

- Season timing and/or length, gear (equipment) regulations, access (site proximity or availability), license/permit availability, game/fish/wildlife populations

Expectancy/Value Theory Model

Stakeholders

those who affect or are affected by decisions about managing natural resources

National Environmental Protections Act (NEPA) of 1969

required public input on any project involving federal funds that may impact environment

required public hearings to be conducted by lead agency on projects

Public Hearing

Agency holds hearing where members of public give testimony (or opinions) about project.

Agency personnel take notes, do not interact with public (no Q & A).

Public Meeting

Agency holds meeting where project is presented and Q & A takes place

Types of communication in natural resources

Persuasive and Informative/Educational

Needed to accept or reject communication

-Agreeing with held values/beliefs

-Credibility of source

-Pre-existing attitudes (bias) toward issue

-Bias toward source

Formal Organizations

can be organizations, agencies, corporations

  - have defined structure, missions, members

  - members can be identified by roster, payroll, or other form

• Members may not share similar values (e.g. agencies, corporations)

  • Have determined leadership in institutional form (e.g. CEO, president, bureau chief, etc.)

Private Organizations

one type of formal organizations

Consist of individuals who voluntarily join due to shared beliefs

Can be non-profit groups, non-governmental organizations, civic groups

Have mission statement, charter, and other defined organization

Members pay dues (annual, etc.)

Organization is directed toward specific goals (mission)

Grassroots Organizations

-Form around one issue important to community

-Usually consist of diversity of individuals

Informal Organizations

types of social groups formed by individuals who share common values/beliefs and norms

-Also include individuals who identify with group or organization but do not have direct contact (do not belong to organization)

-Examples include peer groups, reference groups, “community”

Bureaucratic Leadership

-Examples include president, chairperson, coordinator

-Either appointed or elected leadership determined by organization structure

Opinion Leaders

People who’s opinions shape the organization

Autocratic Decisions

unilateral

  - final, made by one individual

  - usually head of department,   agency, bureau

  - authority given to individual by   organization structure

Bureaucratic Decisions

authority given to individual to decide

  Could be agency personnel below   director or head (biologist, etc.)

  Decisions could be overturned by   higher authority

Majority Decisions

majority rule

  Decisions made by majority   automatically leave out minority opinion

  This process can lead to alienation

Consensus Decisions

group comes to agreement by all members

  - requires compromise among members

  - members must agree to compromise before process begins

  - each point of view is represented to some extent in final decision

Communication Loop

What does the communicator do?

Develops message, selects channel, and interprets response

What does the audience do?

Interprets message, develops response, selects channel

Channel Identifications

pick media outlet(s) that will effectively inform the target audience

1) Target stakeholders

2) Use multiple channels (parallel channels)

3) Avoid channels in series (“gatekeepers”=bad)

Successful media planning involves carefully considering:

1)Message purpose

2)Message content

3)Audience characteristics

4)Available channels

5)Personnel skills

6)Effective combinations of channels

Short-term persuasion

typical goal in management. These are usually simple informative messages.

Long-term persuasion

repetitive, consistent, and informative messages can enact change. Interpersonal contact usually is best.

Types of public and communication

Nonpublic, Latent-aware, Active

Economics

The study of the choices people make to cope with scarcity

Economics is

Anthropocentric

Intent on an Objective Study of Human Preferences and Behavior

Key Economic Concepts

Self-Interested Individual Agent That Seeks to Maximize Utility

Everything has a cost

Incentives Matter

Info has a cost

Remember the secondary effects

Market Efficiency Assumptions

All benefits and costs are known and are reflected in market transactions

Ownership of the asset are wholly assigned to one person or organization

All benefits accrue to – and all costs are borne by – the parties to the market transaction

Market Failure

When you fail to realize market efficiency assumptions

Resource Management under imperfect information and uncertainty

Recognize Limitations of Information

Gather More Information

Describe Stakeholder Groups and Identify their Interests and Objectives

Identify Trade-Offs