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Pericardium
Fibrous, double-layer serous membrane surrounding the heart; secretes fluid to reduce friction.
Myocardium
Heart muscle (cardiac muscle).
Atria
Receiving chambers of the heart (Left and Right).
Ventricles
Pumping chambers of the heart (Left and Right).
Vena Cava
Carries low O₂ blood to the right atrium.
Pulmonary Trunk
Carries low O₂ blood to the lungs; splits into right and left pulmonary arteries.
Aorta
Carries high O₂ blood to the body from the left ventricle.
Pulmonary Veins
Carry high O₂ blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
SA Node (Sinoatrial Node)
The pacemaker of the heart; sets the rhythm of the heartbeat (~100 bpm).
AV Node (Atrioventricular Node)
Slows the electrical signal, allowing atria to fully contract.
AV Bundle (Bundle of His)
Transmits signal from atria to ventricles.
Purkinje Fibers
Spread the action potential throughout the ventricles.
P Wave
Represents atrial depolarization (atria contracting).
QRS Complex
Represents ventricular depolarization (ventricles contracting).
T Wave
Represents ventricular repolarization (ventricles relaxing).
Systole
Contraction phase of the cardiac cycle (blood is pumped out).
Diastole
Relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle (heart fills with blood).
EDV (End Diastolic Volume)
Volume of blood in the heart after relaxation and filling.
ESV (End Systolic Volume)
Volume of blood left in the heart after contraction and ejection.
Stroke Volume (SV)
Volume of blood ejected from the ventricles per heartbeat.
Cardiac Reserve
The difference between max cardiac output during exercise and resting cardiac output.
Norepinephrine
Increases heart rate at the SA node and AV node, increases contractility.
Acetylcholine
Decreases heart rate but has no effect on contractility.
Proprioceptors
Detect movement and send information to the Cardiovascular Center.
Chemoreceptors
Detect CO₂ and O₂ levels in the blood.
Baroreceptors
Detect blood pressure.
Epinephrine
Hormone that increases heart rate and contractility.
Thyroid Hormones
Increase heart rate and contractility.
What is the difference between systole and diastole?
Systole = Contraction, Diastole = Relaxation.
Where does the SA node send the electrical impulse next?
To the AV node.
What does the T wave on an ECG represent?
Ventricular repolarization (ventricles relaxing).
Which valve is found between the left atrium and left ventricle?
The bicuspid (mitral) valve.
What is the primary fuel used by cardiac muscle cells during rest?
Fatty acids.
