Stress and Disease

Atrophy

The cell size being to shrink

Atrophy Example

Break a leg and due to prolonged inactivity, the muscle in the leg shrinks, making it smaller

Hypertrophy

When the cell size increases usual due to some type of stimulation, ie. hormones

Hypertrophy Example

Increased muscle size because of weightlifting

Hyperplasia

When the number of given cells increases in the area

Hyperplasia Example

Thickened endometrial lining due to excessive estrogen production

Dysplasia

Deranged cell growth and abnormality, not an indicator of cancer but if untreated could be threat

Dysplasia Example

Abnormal cervical cells during pap smear

Metaplasia

When cells are exposed to harmful stimuli and adapt to protect themselves

Metaplasia Example

Smokers cells changing cell type

Stimulus: Smoking

CT: Ciliated Columnar Epithelium of Bronchial Tree →

Squamous Epithelium

Stimulus: Gastric Acid

CT: Esophageal Squamous Epithelium

Columnar Epithelium

Hypoxia

Lack of sufficient O2 within cells, NO O2 NO ATP

Hypoxia Examples:

Respiratory disease, anemia, no O2 in enviorment, decrease in blood flow

Ischemia

Most common form of hypoxia

Insufficient blood flow

Ischemia Examples

Gradual narrowing of the arteries or sudden blockage of blood flow

Anoxia

Total lack of O2 - tissue/organ death

Systemic Manifestations of Cellular injury

Fever-acute inflammatory response

Increased HR- from metabolic processes of fever

Pain- release of BRADYKININ

Increase in enzymes- cardiac, liver, amylase released into extracelluar fluids- lab results

Stress

When a demand exceeds someone’s coping capabilities. Beings with stimuli the brain perceives as stressful and prompts survival physiological responses.

Stressors

Age, gender, faith, finances, career, current health, genetics, etc.

Examples of coping

Bad: drugs, alcohol, indulging

Good: yoga, reading, massage

Chronic Stress can lead to

illness

Example: cancer, ulcers, IBS

General Adaptation Syndrome

Alarm: arousal of CNS and hypothalamus, Sympathetic NS (fight, flight, freeze)

Resistance: release of adrenal hormones (CORTISOL, NOREPINEPHRINE, EPINEPHRINE, mobilize fight or flight

Exhaustion: Occurs ONLY IF STRESS CONTINUES and adaption is not successful

Catacolines are

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

Norepinephrine

Increase BP

Dilates pupils

Increase sweat glands

Vasoconstriction in non-vital organs

Increases vigilance and anxiety

Epinephrine

Bronchodilation allowing lung expansion

Decrease insulin; keep glucose in the bloodstream

Increase cardiac force, increase HR

Dilates BV for Oxy of muscles

Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis (HPA)

Nervous System: Hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone, pituitary releases adrenocorticotropic hormone

Endocrine System: Adrenals secrete cortisol and catecholamines

Immune System: alter secondary cort and catech

Cortisol

floods the body with quick energy sources→ raise blood sugar

Pause nonessential tasks

Chronic Stress

decrease in immunity- cortisol release

overactivation leads to early mortality and disease